Earth Science: Final Vocab
G Period
Earth Science Honors
Mrs. Wilde
Final
Vocab
Earth Science Honors
Mrs. Wilde
Final
Vocab
Terms
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- clastic sedimentary rock
- composed of luthified sediment composed of fragments of weathered rock that have been transported some distance from their place of origin
- sill
- An intrusion of magma parallel to the layers of rock
- 3
- There are __ (numeric) types of volcanoes
- crater lake
- The formation produced when a crater or caldera fills with water
- stratification (bedding)
- layering that develops as sediments are deposited
- 3
- What is the minimum number of seismographs to find the epicenter of an earthquake? (numeral)
- Alaska; 1964
- The "Good Friday Quake" which destroyed Valdez occured in (place) ______ in (year) _____
- subduction zones
- Most deep focus earthquakes are found in ________________
- shallow
- Transform faults have ______ focus earthquakes
- aa
- Sharp and jagged lava
- sea-floor spreading
- How the oceanic crust spreads apart and creates new lithosphere
- ripple marks
- small parallel ridges and toughs formed in sediment by wind or water currents and waves, They may then be preserved when the sediment is lithified
- tsunami
- produced when a vertical earthquake occurs in the ocean
- Pangea
- The name of the supercontinent on Earth
- mantle
- The largest layer of Earth, with silicate and iron
- San Andreas
- The _____________ fault system is an example of strike-slip faults
- Pacific
- The _________ plate is about a quarter of a mile away from San Francisco
- magma
- Molten rock under Earth's surface
- basaltic
- Shield volcanoes usually have ______ magma
- hydrothermal metamorphism
- changes in rock that are primarily caused by migrating hot water and by ions dissolved in the hot water
- metamorphic rock
- rock formed when any kind of rocks recrystallize in response to elevated temperature, increased pressure, chemical change, and/or deformation
- catagories of sedimentary rock
- chemical, clastic, bioclastic & organic
- laccolith
- A raise in the land where magma is pushing up on the rock
- basaltic
- _______ magma is high in iron and is usually black
- yes
- Can volcanoes can cool climate? (yes or no)
- lateral
- The reason Mt. St. Helens was so destructive is because it had an unexpected ______ eruption
- North American
- We live on the __________ ____________ plate
- California
- The state with the second most earthquakes
- metamorphic grade
- the intensity of metamorphism that formed a rock; the maxmimum temperature and pressure attained during metamorphism
- P Wave
- This type of wave is compressional
- left lateral
- If the plate on the other side of you is moving left it is a ___________ earthquake
- porphyry
- any igneous rock containing phenocrysts in a relitively fine-grained matrix
- cross-bedding
- an arrangement of small beds at an angle to the main sedimentary layering
- blind
- Many thrust faults are _____ and don't show up on the surface
- short
- _____ term prediction predicts place and time
- false
- We are better at predicting earthquakes than predicting volcanoes (True or False)
- pore space
- open space between grains in rock, sediment, or soil
- basalt
- The rock oceanic crust is composed of
- amplitude
- This measurement represents is the highest point on a seismograph
- volcanic island arc
- An underwater arc of volcanoes form the collision of two oceanic plates
- oceanic
- The ___________ plate always sinks when it comes in contact with its opposite, a continental plate
- moment magnitude
- The ______________________ scale is based on the largest body wave and length of fault cracking
- intermediate rock
- igneous rock with chemical and mineral composition between those of granite and basalt
- body wave
- any wave that travels through the body of the earth
- S Wave
- This type of wave cannot travel through water
- precursors
- Evidence of an upcoming earthquake prior to an earthquake
- dormant
- A volcano which has not erupted in the past 100 years, but in recorded history is a ______ volcano
- Alaska
- The part of California on the pacific plate will eventually crash into __________
- stratovolcano
- This type of volcano is the most dangerous and unpredictable
- P Wave
- This type of wave is the first to arrive
- 142
- The high degree of the shadow zone is ____ degrees
- long
- _____ term prediction predicts place
- composite
- Another name for a stratovolcano
- lava
- fluid magma that flows onto the earth's surface from a volcano or fissure. Also, the rock formed by solidification of the same material
- epicenter
- the point above ground of an earthquake's origin
- metamorphism
- the process by which rocks and minerals change in response to changes in temperature, pressure, chemical compositions, and/or deformation
- New Madrid
- This quake was in Missiouri and rang bells in Boston
- divergant (boundary)
- A boundary where the plates pull apart
- weathering
- the decompocition and disintegration of rocks and minerals at the earth's surface by a mechanical and chemical process
- compaction
- tighter packing of sedimentary grains causing weak lithification and a decrease in porosity, usually resulting from the weight of overlying sediment
- basaltic
- Stratovolcanoes are not produced by _______ magma
- iron
- The core is made of ____ and nickel
- right lateral
- If the plate on the other side of you is moving right it is a __________ earthquake
- pluton
- an igneous intrusion
- fossils
- the perserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal
- lapilli
- Particles of rock larger than cinders, about the size of walnuts
- lithification
- sediment > sedimentary rock
- seamounts
- Underwater volcanic peaks
- lahar
- A volcanic mudflow from melted snow
- Carbon Dioxide
- The type of gas that is emitted from a volcano in the largest quantities
- black smoker
- These are geyser-like structurs underwater that emit hot, mineral rich water that flows into the cool sea
- focus
- the exact point of an earthquake's origin
- sedimentary structure
- any structure formed in sedimentary rock during deposition or by later sedimentary processes (ex: bedding)
- high
- Magma with ____ silica content is very sticky
- sediment
- solid rock or mineral fragments transported and deposited by wind, water, gravity, or ice, precipitated by chemical reactions, or secreted by organisms, and that accumulates as layers in loose, unconsolidated form
- plate
- Earthquakes normally occur at ______ boundaries
- Wegener
- Last name of scientist who proposed continental drift
- Alaska
- The state with the most earthquakes
- buildings
- It's not the earthquake that kills people, it's the _______.
- shallow
- _____ focus earthquakes are the most destructive
- sedimentary rock
- rock formed when sediment is lithified
- Richter
- The Richter scale is named after Charles ________.
- shield
- Kiluea is a _____ volcano
- L Wave
- another way of saying "Surface wave"
- contact metamorphism
- caused by heating of country rock, and/pr addition of fluids, from a nearby igneous intrusion
- yes
- Will there be another Pangea?
- magnetic reversal
- The event that occurs when Earth's magnetic fields reverse
- Mercalli scale
- the scale of earthquake magnitude based on dammage
- San Andreas Fault
- The nearest transform fault to us
- Nazca
- The Andes are formed from the subduction of the _______ plate
- L waves
- The most dammaging seismic waves (short name)
- mediterranean-asian
- The _____________________ belt has many earthquakes near asia
- lithification
- the conversion of loose sediment to solid rock
- transform (boundary)
- A boundary where the plates slide past each other
- gas
- The more silica magma has, the more it tends to trap ____
- thrust fault
- fault where pieces of rock are being pushed together
- longer
- The _____ the rupture of a fault, the more energy is released
- low
- Magma with ____ silica content is runny
- tephra
- Another name for pyroclastics
- mid ocean ridges
- ____________ are structures on the sea floor that have many earthquakes
- no
- (Yes or No) We are very good at earthquake prediction right now
- 3
- The number of seismographs from different places to find the epicenter of an earthquake
- S-P Lag
- The time between the S-wave arrival and the P-wave arrival
- foliation
- layering in rock created by metamorphism
- felsic
- any light-colored igneous rock containing large abounts of FELdspar and Silica
- deformation
- folding, faulting, and other changes in shape of rocks or minerals in response to mechanical forces, such as those that occur in tectonically active regions
- parasitic
- A ______ cone is a vent on the side of a volcano
- phenocryst
- larger crystals within a rock
- crust
- The thin outer layer of the Earth
- volcanoes
- There are usually ____________ on top of subduction zones
- igneous rock
- rock that solidified from magma
- seismic waves
- All waves that travel through rock
- carbonate rock
- made up primarily of carbonate materials (ex: limestone & dolomite)
- slaty clevage
- a parallel metamorphic foliation in a plane perpendicular to the direction of tectonic compression
- supercontinent
- A large continent (not Pangea)
- liquid
- the outer core is _______ (form)
- pyroclastic flow
- A _______ ______ is produced when tephra slides down a volcano
- Loma Prieta
- This quake in Santa Cruz caused 5 Billion dollars of dammage
- convection
- ________ currents is major reason plates on Earth move
- texture
- the size, shape, and arrangement of mineral grains, or crystals in a rock
- asthenosphere
- The goowy plactic part below the lithosphere that the plates ride on
- surface waves
- Waves on the surface (long name)
- seismology
- The study of earthquakes
- cinder cone
- A _____ _____ is a volcano that is short and has steep sides
- refract
- Waves do this when the density of the material they go through changes
- MOHO
- The _____ boundary is the boundary between the crust and mantle
- brick
- "Not a _____ shall be left upon a _____" Mercalli scale 12 (1 word answer)
- melting
- metamorphic rock > magma
- order of the rock cycle
- magma, solidification < igneous rock, weathering < sediment, lithification < sedimentary rock, metamorphism < metamorphic rock, melting <
- yes
- Can volcanoes warm earth? (yes or no)
- ocean
- Wegener's hypothesis didn't explain how the continents moved through the _____
- time-travel
- We used a _____________ graph in calculating the distance to the epicenter from a seismogram
- hot spot
- Most basaltic volcanoes are located on a _______
- Continental Drift
- The origional version of plate tectonics by Wegener that didn't include the mechanism
- strike-slip
- A ___________ fault is where the fault moves horizontally
- continental rifting
- When one continent splits apart above divergant boundaries
- echo sounder
- The tool used to "map" the ocean floor
- block
- A _____ is the largest particle in a pyroclastic flow - as large as a truck
- shield
- ______ volcanoes are the tallest if meausured from base to tip
- constant
- Each plate is in ________ motion
- Yes
- Mrs. Wilde is your favorite teacher (Yes or No)
- Richter scale
- The scale of earthquake magnitude based on the largest body wave
- hot spot
- A constant stream of magma, one of which formed Hawaii
- volcanic rocks (in or ex)
- extrusive
- metamorphism
- sedimentary rock > metamorphic rock
- Northridge
- a thrust fault in the LA basin caused a huge earthquake
- outer core
- A fluid, metallic layer of Earth
- 660
- The 660-kilometer discontinuity is located _____ kilometers below the surface.
- four types of metamorphism
- contact, burial, hydrothermal, regional dynamothermal
- 660-kilometer discontinuity
- The _____________ is the boundary where seismic waves slow down again because the pressure increases
- plutonic rock
- an igneous rock that forms deep beneath earth's surface
- Mid-Oceanic Ridge System
- The entire system of oceanic ridges all over the world
- Benioff zone
- The zone where a subducting plate scrapes against the other plate
- rift valley
- A long trough at the top of an oceanic ridge
- pahoehoe
- Type of lava that is smooth and runny (type)
- Juan de Fuca
- The plate that is up by Oregon
- lithosphere
- The bitter crust and the upper part of the mantle
- cinders
- Tephra particles about the size of pebbles
- caldera
- The large crater resulting from a collapsed crater
- plutonic rocks (in or ex)
- intrusive
- epicenter
- The point above ground where an earthquake occured
- ring of fire
- The Pacific _________ _________ _______ has some of the most earthquakes anywhere
- trench
- The deepest part of the ocean
- bomb
- A _____ is a rock about the size of a football from a volcano
- nickel
- The core is made of iron and _____
- dike
- An intrusion of magma which cuts across the layers of rock
- pluton
- A body of magma under the earth
- trench
- The structure that is formed in a subduction zone (looks like a V)
- mountains
- ________ are created when two contiental plates collide
- shadow zone
- The _____________ is the place where no seismic waves reach the surface on Earth
- examples of sedimentary structures
- bedding (most obvious), cross-bedding, ripple marks, mudcracks, fossils
- convergent (boundary)
- A boundary where the plates get smashed together
- transform
- The San Andreas fault is a ___________ boundary
- mafic
- rocks that contain a large amount of Magnesium and iorn, the cause of it's dark black color
- regional dynamothernal metamorphism
- metamorphism accompanied by deformation affecting an extensive region of the earth's crust
- mud cracks
- irregular usually polygonal fractures that develop when mud dries. The patterns may be perserved when the mud is lithified
- granite
- The most common igneous rock on Earth
- oceanic
- _______ crust always sinks below in subduction
- 82
- The mantle is ___% of the Earth
- ash
- The smallest pyroclastic particle
- intrusive
- Formations of magma inside the Earth are part of _______ volcanism
- organic sedimentary rock
- consist of the lithified organic remains of plants or animals (ex: coal)
- solidification
- magma > igneous rock
- shield
- A _____ volcano is tall and has very gentle slopes
- rock cycle
- sequence of events in which rocks are formed, destroyed, altered, and reformed by geological processes
- 100
- A volcano is "active" if it has erupted in the past ____ years (Numeric)
- aftershock
- A small tremble after an earthquake while the ground is settling
- focus
- The exact point where an earthquake occured
- burial metamorphism
- results form deep burial of rocks in a sedimentary basin. Rocks metamorphised in this way are usually unfoliated
- Plate Tectonics
- The entire theory of plates on Earth, moving around, with the mechanism
- liquefaction
- The process where the ground turns into liquid through shaking
- Glomar Challenger
- The ship that drilled into the oceanic crust to get samples of sediments
- P Wave
- This type of wave can travel through water
- chemical sedimentary rock
- form by direct precipitation of minerals from solution (ex: rock salt)
- foreshock
- A small tremble before an earthquake
- India
- The Himilayas were formed when _________ crashed into the Eurasian plate
- No
- Do you want to be caught in a pyroclastic flow? (Yes or No)
- stratovolcano
- This type of volcano is layered and can have ash or lava eruptions
- fault creep
- the movement of plates slowly and constantly, not storing and releasing large ammounts of energy
- subduction zone
- The place where one plate slides under another
- earthquake
- A sudden motion or trembling of the earth
- subduction
- The process of one plate going under another
- magma
- molten rock generated within the earth
- 103
- The low degree of the shadow zone is ____ degrees
- lava
- Molten rock above/on Earth's surface
- mantle plume
- A burst of magma from the mantle
- plastic
- When stress is applied to rock, before it breaks it goes through ______ deformation.
- continental slope
- The the "cliff"-like structure where a continent ends under water
- seismograph
- The instrument used to measure earthquakes
- volcanic rock
- fromed when magma erupted, cooled, and solidified within a kilometer or less of the earth's surface
- microfossils
- From oceanic sediment, scientists use ____________ to date the rock
- Eldfell
- The volcano in Iceland whose lava was stopped by water
- ocean basin
- The part of the ocean that is relatively flat and extends for a long way
- fissility
- fine layering along which a rock splits easily
- batholith
- A huge pluton
- weathering
- igneous rock > sediment
- stratovolcano
- A tall volcano with steep sides
- peat
- loose, unconsolidated, brownish mass of partially decayed plant matter; a precursor to coal
- surface wave
- another way of saying "L wave"
- boundary
- Where all the interactions of plates occur (singular)
- seismograph
- the instrument used to measure earthquakes
- andesitic
- _______ lava is medium thickness
- basaltic
- _______ lava is thin and runny
- older
- The ___________ oceanic plate always sinks in collisions
- bioclastic sedimentary rock
- composed of broken shell fragments and similar remains of living organisms (ex: most limestone)
- deep
- ______ focus earthquakes get mainly absorbed in rock
- continental volcanic arc
- An arc of volcanoes caused by subduction of an oceanic plate under a contnental plate
- S Wave
- This is a shear wave
- extinct
- If a volcano has not shown activity for 5000 years, it is _______
- crater
- The top part of a volcano that dips down
- Hawaii
- Where would you find a gentle, mafic volcano?
- flood basalt
- Lava that flows over the land like a flood is a _____ ______
- extrusive igneous rock
- formed from material that has erupted onto the earth's surface
- cinder cone
- A volcano that is made of loose pieces of rock
- fumarole
- A ________ is a gas vent on a volcano
- continental shelf
- The part of a continent that extends underwater
- body
- Both S and P waves are ________ waves
- slab-pull
- The effect of a ridge sliding down into the mantle, taking the rest of the plate with it, helping power plate tectonics
- paleoseismology
- the study of ancient earthquakes
- bedding (stratification)
- layering that develops as sediments are deposited
- inner core
- The iron-rich, solid layer of Earth
- L Wave
- This type of wave (short name) is a combination of S waves and P waves
- rhyolitic
- ______ lava is the thickest and stickiest lava
- changes
- Scientists look for ______ in magma temperature, mineral composition, land formations, and gas emissions to predict an eruption
- lahar
- Mt. Rainier's most dangerous threat is a ______
- Yellowstone
- The closest hot spot to us
- magnetic field
- The liquid outer core and solid inner core produce the _______ ________
- ridge-push
- The force powering plate tectonics where gravity pushes crust down from a ridge
- convection (cell)
- A current where the warm rises to the top, cools, then sinks back to the bottom
- intrusive igneous rock
- formed when magma solidifies within bodies of pre-existing rock