DEP 3053 Chapter 11
Chapter 11 of "How Children Develop" by Siegler, Deloache, and Eisenberg
Terms
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- What role do parents play in identity status?
- adolescents are more likely to have a healthy identity if at least one parent encourages autonomy and individuality: adolescents are more likely to have foreclosure status if parents are authoritarian or overly controlling
- What are the four identity-status categories?
- Identity-diffusion, foreclosure, moratorium, identity-achievement
- How do the behavioral descriptions of self-change across childhood and adolescence?
- In childhood, self descriptions contain personality traits or physical characteristics that may influence their place in social networks. In adolescence, abstract thought allows for abstract description of how they act or feel, and also a variety of selves can be expressed within different contexts, but still expressing a personal fable (belief that no one understands them). Late adolescent description includes internalized standards or values and is less ocncerned with an imaginary audience (belief that all eyes are on them borne of egocentrism)
- What are the behavioral indications of clear-cut attachment?
- (8-18 months) stranger anxiety, seperation protest, parent is a secure base
- What did Dennis' research indicate?
- Studied children's development in poor quality orphanages; found that though normal at 2 months, at 12 months children showed substantially below normal scores on tests of development
- What did Harlow's research indicate?
- Bred Rhesus monkeys with no social interaction for first six months of life; their lack of maternal behavior and their social disturbances at later exposure indicates that children's healthy social development is rooted in early interaction with adults
- What are the characteristics of Moratorium status?
- Identity status in which the individual is exploring various occupational and ideological choices and has not yet made a clear commitment to them
- What were the 4 different styles of attachment and their characteristics?
- secure; anxious & avoidant, ambivalent; anxious & resistant; disorganized
- What are the stages of attachment formation?
- Pre-attachment, attachment in the making, clear-cut attachment, reciprocal relationships
- What are the chcracteristics of identity-diffusion status?
- Status of identity where the person does not have firm commitments regarding issues of occupation, ideology or sexual behavior, and isnot making progress toward them
- What are the indications of a disorganized attachment?
- confused, contradictory reactions; dazed appearance
- Why is adolescence such a critical time for ego identity or self-concept formation?
- Puberty affects emotions; social shanges (new schools, sexual relations, choices about future); and cognitive changes (abstract thought)
- What did the study of Romanian orphanages indicate?
- there may be a sensitive window for attachment development; those adopted before age 2 were more secure than others; window seems to be about 6 months to 5 years old
- Is there a critical period for the formation of attachment?
- According to the research done in Romanian orphanages, where those adopted before age 2 were more securely attached, it seems that the sensitive window is about 6 months to 5 years
- What are the characteristics of foreclosure status?
- An identity status in which the individual has not engaged in identity experimentation but has developed vocational or ideological identity based on choices or values of others
- What role does temperament play in attachment development?
- Studies show that temperament is not as important a determining factor of attachment as parental style
- What did Tizard's research indicate?
- Studied early vs. late adoptees in high quality orphanages; early adoptees were intellectually normal, socially outgoing, securely attached; late adoptees were more restless, more emotionally troubled, insecurely attached
- What are the indications of anxious and avoidant attachment?
- avoids, unresponsive to mom; not distressed at seperation; avoids at reunion; doesn't seek mom for comfort
- What was Bowlby's ethological explanation of the formation of attachment?
- it is an instinctive way to maintain closeness as a function of survival, giving the infant a secure base from which to explore the environment
- How is self-concept measured through self recognition in infancy?
- (18-24 months) when a child sees a spot on their cheek in the mirror, they move to clean the spot from their own faces, displaying recognition that the mirror image is of themselves
- What are the behavioral indications of attachment in the making?
- (3-7 months) preferences for familiar people, develop expectations about parent
- What are the characteristics of identity-achievement status?
- Identity status in which the individual has a coherent and consolidated identity based on personal decisions regarding occupation, ideology and the like; believes that these decisions were made autonomously and is committed to them
- How does timing of puberty affect girls' social development?
- early puberty causes early sexual activity, poor self-image, eating disorders, high rates of depression and drug use
- How does ethnic and sexual identity affect identity?
- Being a minority and experiencing prejudice can either cause the embracing o the identity, the gravitation toward mainstream culture, or for ethnic minorities, bicultural identity
- What did the Povinelli study show?
- When showed a video of the child with a sticker on their head, children under 3 did not recognize themselves, over 4 did. Shows that extended view of self develops later than self-recognition
- What are the effects of maternal deprivation on children's development?
- Depends on continuity of deprivation, other stressors, quality of alternative care, age of adoption or other care; According to Harlow's research with Rhesus monkeys, children's healthy social and emotional development is rooted in their early social interaction with adults: female monkeys isolated from birth had no maternal instinct or interest in social interaction
- What is the internal working model?
- the child's mental representation of self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed as a result of interactions with caregivers; guides children's interactions with caregivers and with others through infancy and later years
- What are the behavioral indications of pre-attachment?
- (0-2 months) no preference
- Are there differences between poor quality and high quality orphanages?
- Children in poor quality orphanages tend to be more developmentally delayed, showing scores substantially below normal on developmental scales by age 12 months
- What role does parental style play in attachment development?
- Ainsworth showed: sensitive: secure, insensitive (over or under controlling, rejecting): avoidant or resistant
- What are the behavioral indications of reciprocal relationships?
- (2 yrs and up) reduction of seperation and stranger anxiety, undertsand parents' goals because of cognitive and language skills
- How did Ainsworth study individual differences in the quality of parent-child attachment?
- Strange Situation laboratory test measures stranger anxiety, separation protest, exploratory behavior, comfort-seeking/reunion behavior when parent is present, absent, coming or going in a strange playroom; identified four types of attachment
- What are the indications of anxious and resistant, ambivalent attachment?
- unwilling to explore with mom, distressed at seperation, ambivalent at reunion, wary of strangers
- What is the difference between self-recognition and the extended view of self?
- Self recognition (marked mirror task) shows an immediate self-awareness around 18-24 months. Extended view of self is knowledge of one's image when looking at videos or pictures after a delay (povinelli study with video and sticker)
- How does timing of puberty affect boys' social development?
- Earlier puberty causes good self-image, better strength and skill in physical activity=popularity, fewer psychological problems, but also more negative risk behavior like drugs and sexual activity