Chapter 1 Vocab
Terms
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- Psychology Perspectives
- neuroscience, evolutionary, behavior genetics, psychodynamic, behavioral, cognitive, social-cultural
- Random assignment
- roughly equalizes 2 groups in all characteristics, ensures that differences between experimental and control are due to treatment
- Control condition
- the condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatement
- Chance responding
- the number of people that respond
- Hypothesis
- testable predictions
- Measure of variation
- amount of variation in data (range and standard deviation)
- Correlation coefficient
- measures how closely 2 things vary together; how well either predicts the other
- Psychiatrist
- provide psychotherapy, but are medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders
- Case study
- an observational techniques in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealing universal principles
- False consensus effect
- the tendency to overestimate others' agreement with us
- Longitudinal study
- a study in which the same people are restudies and retested over a long period of time
- Neuroscience
- how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
- Correlation
- when one trait or behavior accompanies another
- Survey
- a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them
- Replicate
- repeating or re-creating a study
- Naturalistic observation
- watching and recording the behavior of organisms in their natural environment
- Experimental control
- the condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment, one version of the independent variable
- Scatterplot
- each point plots the value of 2 variables
- Cognitive
- how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
- Operational definitions
- a statement of the procedure used to define research variables
- Theory
- explains through an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors and events
- Placebo effect
- any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition which is assumed to be an active agent
- Double-blind
- enables researchers to check actual effect of treatment without their or participants' biases
- Social-cultural
- how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures
- Independent variable
- we can vary it independently of other factors (that are controlled)
- Dependent variable
- varies depending on the treatment and independent variable
- Evolutionary
- how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes
- Central tendency
- single score that represents a whole set of scores (mean, median, mode)
- Basic research
- builds psychology's knowledge base
- Behavior genetics
- how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences
- Statistical significance
- when the sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large
- Counseling psychology
- help people cope with challenges (academic, vocational and marital) by recognizing their strengths and resources
- Hindsight bias
- 20/20 hindsight vision, I-know-it-all phenomenon
- Placebo
- a "fake" treatment which has no effect
- Psychology
- the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- Humanistic Psychology
- emphasized the importance of current environmental influences on our growth potential, and the importance of meeting our needs of love and acceptance
- Mean
- arithmetic average
- Illusory correlation
- a perceived nonexistent correlation
- Culture
- shared ideas and behaviors that one generation passes on to the next
- Clinical psychology
- assess and treat mental, emotional and behavior disorders
- Mode
- most frequently occurring score or scores
- Overconfidence
- the tendency to be more confident than correct-to overestimate the accuracy on one's beliefs and judgments
- Applied research
- conducted to tackle practical problems
- Nature vs. nurture
- the debate over the relative contributions of biology and experience
- Biopsychosocial Approach
- the different levels of analysis which consider the influences of biological, psychological and social-cultural factors
- Random sample
- a sample in which every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating
- Median
- midpoint
- Experiment
- a research method in which the independent variable is manipulated to observe the effect on the dependent variable
- Introspection
- self-reflective looking inwards
- Regression toward norm
- the tendency for extremes of unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average