Soc 245 Final Exam

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Companionate Love: affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply connected
Expert power: derived from knowledge of a particular area
Ways to gain power in an organization:: job-related activities: extraordinary, visible, relevant; Alliances: sponsors, peers, subordinates
subjugation of ingroup (exclusion of clique): more powerful clique members are cruel to lower status members
group cohesion: the extent to which group members want to remain in the group
Passionate Love: a state of intense physiological arousal and intense longing for union with another- 3 components: cognitive, emotional, and behavioral; rapid onset, diminishes over time, increases substantially early in relationship
availability (proximity- nearness in space): geographical or functional distance
Inclusion in cliques: realignment of friendships, ingratiation supplication, ingratiation manipulation, recruitment
organizational bases of power: nature of organization determines the power relations in it
Status: evaluation of a category or position in a group in terms of the position's prestige, importance, and value to the group
Equality: everyone pays same amount regardless of what they ate
Exclusion in cliques: expulsion, subjugation of outgroup, subjugation of ingroup, compliance, stigmatization
Impartiality (procedural justice): bias suppression
representativeness (procedural justice): voice
Power: ability of a person to achieve goals by influencing the behavior of another; depends on social norms, personal resources, dependency
recruitment (inclusion in cliques): compliments, probationary period before full acceptance
Self-disclosure: revealing intimate aspects of yourself to others; increases over time, fosters closeness; varies by gender, nature of relationship; if you self-disclose, your partner is more likely to reciprocate
problems gaining power for minorities/women: less access to sponsors/informal networks; more difficulty building alliances; limited by glass ceilings and dead-end jobs; stereotypes to overcome
Reward power: potential to use reinforcement
characteristics aiding in resisting social influence:: strong initial opinion, high self-esteem, oriented toward accuracy and explanation for non-conformity, secure attachment to group
Interactional justice: application of normative rules to treatment of individuals- demonstrating respect, showing trustworthiness, acting neutrally
Cognitive balance: consistency between partners on attitudes (3 parts- you like friend, friend likes major, you like major)
collective responses -characteristics: shared perceptions and goals, resource mobilization, coordination
competence: increases ability to be right; but don't like people who are too competent/confident
Structural/situational approach- talking behavior: power produces differences in talking- not gender
positions: educational, vocational
Legitimation: process in which patterns of interaction acquire a normative character
Ethically (procedural justice): coincides with moral values
social influence: the effect that people have on the beliefs or behaviors of others
Gain-loss theory: you will like someone more who used to dislike you and then began to like you; you will dislike someone more who used to like you and began to dislike you
Role of similarity in attraction: attitudes (tend to attribute your attitudes to people you like); and homogeneity (you like people you are similar to)
trust: belief that a person is honest and has positive intentions toward us
anticipatory liking: if you hear or know someone likes you, you are more likely to like them
attraction: positive attitude held by one person toward another- involved in friendships, romances, and mentoring
propinquity: nearness in time
Communality: provide for another- not interested in equal inputs/outputs
Power balancing strategies: withdrawal by power disadvantaged; give status to power-disadvantaged's actor's resources; develop alternative relations; develop coalitions
Distributive Justice: How to allocate resources- deals with OUTCOME (could use Equality, Equity, needs-based)
Types of Comparisons: Referential, Local, Internal
Communication: Effective when: immediate and without judgment (internal attributions); gender differences: women and men with egalitarian gender views are more likely to express emotion/communicate
Examples of Costs: time, compromises, beliefs and values, pain associated with break-up
Collective reactions to injustice: coalitions, collective actions (social movements and riots)
Likeness-leads-to-liking effect: if you are racist and someone of a different race has the same views as you, you will bypass your racism and become attracted to them
validity: Norms that require an individual's compliance
friendship: trust, understanding, mutual assistance
contrast effect: compare boyfriend to male model, boyfriend then looks less attractive to you
types of power: coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, referent
Internal comparisons: compare with oneself over time
Romantic Love Ideal: Love at first sight; only one person will inspire true love; true love can overcome any obstacle; our beloved is nearly perfect; we should base our choice of partners on love
consistency (procedural justice): apply same procedures over time
what makes men and women physically attractive?: men with prominent features are more attractive--> dominance and maturity; women with soft features are more attractive-- nondominance, warm
Social networks: series of relationships between people and groups
Power: capacity to influence others despite their resistance and ability to resist being influenced by others- power is relational, structural, and tactical action
Constraints on power use: want to be liked; morals, norms, values; trust (of subordinates); fear of being removed from position; if power is characteristics of position, not person- person less likely to abuse power; constraints affect use, not structure
Power as Dependence- Exchange approach: P(ab) = D (ba) <-- dependence varies directly with value of resources desired and indirectly with resource availability
conformity: internal change in behavior due to real or imagined influence of others
Socialization/subculture approach -talking behavior: gender produces differences in talking- men give more orders, tell more jokes; women more polite, more emotion-laden talk
Burden-of-proof process: although race/other diffuse status characteristics are not relevant to task, will play a role in solving task- must tell people that race, etc. is not relevant
Pratt-fall effect: we like competent people who make mistakes
Procedural Justice: procedures used to allocate resources- deals with PROCESS/PROCEDURE (impartiality, representativeness, consistency, accuracy, ethically just)
Formal legitimate authority: more important than gender for determining various aspects of conversation
social categories: class, age, appearance, gender, race
informational influence: accept info from others as valid
physical attractiveness: socialized about what defines physical attractiveness from an early age- media
Liking: admiration and strong friendly attraction
Expectation States Theory: explains how differences in cognitions and evaluations of individuals become the basis for a stable social hierarchy- applies to equal status groups- explains why the leader has that position- because of his or her diffuse or specific characteristics
endorsement (gives validity): support from below
Reciprocation of liking: when you find out someone likes you, you are more likely to like them
examples of rewards: good conversations, more attention from others if partner is attractice
ingratiation supplication (inclusion in cliques): lower status clique members are complimentary of higher status clique members
Justice: evaluations of situations in terms of fairness (Evan and Nancy holt ex)
Balanced and imbalanced power structures: balanced power structures are equally dependent and imbalanced structures are unequally dependent; affects rates of exchange, development of commitment and trust
How justice rules are developed: they are socially constructed (depends on socio-historical/cultural context); refer to the interplay between society and the individual (socialization); refer to social exchange, beliefs about status, and means to achieve goals)
construction of status belief based on:: initially unequal resource levels and nominal characteristics; population sorted by nominal characteristics; correlation between resources levels and nominal characteristics
Status Construction Theory: status is socially constructed within cultures, and status signifies a trait as more worthy than another
Realignment of friendships (inclusion in cliques): clique members abandon old friendships/destroy existing ones
to overcome problems gaining power, minorities and women must:: increase numbers, balance groups, demonstrate performance
Loving: attachment to and caring about another person; more intense than liking; involves characteristics of friendship + caring and passion
compliance: outward change in behavior due to real or imagined influence of other people, often due to hope for reward or fear of punishment
ingratiation manipulation (inclusion of cliques): leader manipulates others in clique in order to hold their loyalty and attention
compliance (exclusion of clique): following negative behavior of clique leader
Referent power: derived from admiration
subjugation of outgroup (exclusion of clique): turning against outsiders solidifies group
types of justice: distributive, procedural, interactional
Asch's (1951) study: person disagreed with group when group not unanimous, and when person had privacy to make own decision
mere exposure effect: the more you are exposed to something, the more you like it
Characteristics of Justice: impartial, consensus, foster social cooperation to promote individual well-being, meets some expectation regarding an existing rule
Conformity highest when:: task is difficult or ambiguous; size of majority increases (more people agree); majority unanimous; group members exerting influence are seen as experts or have higher power or status, or are similar or important to target
factors affecting relationship dissolution:: inequality, differential level of commitment, dissatisfaction with rewards and/or communication
normative influence: act in accordance to norms
Diffuse status characteristics: social categories (gender, age, race, education, physical attractiveness); roles defining/describing person
homogeneity: you like people you are similar to
Specific status characteristics: special abilities (great chef)- must be salient
Local comparisons: compare with a single other individual
Status Characteristics Theory: performance expectations (evaluation of individual's level of task competence) dependent upon types of status characteristics
Reasons for different evaluations of justice: situational goals (social harmony, social welfare, productivity); position in relationship; comparisons; belief system/orientations; perceptions of what is relevant or causes responsibility
Coercive power: potential to deliver threats and punishments
a few cognitive responses to injustice: feel distressed, so motivated to relieve distress- if disadvantaged- feel anger, frustration; if advantaged- feel guilt or happiness
authorization (gives validity): support from above
Status level and influence/competence- relation: high status=more competent (take more/given more action opportunities; make more performance outputs; outputs positively evaluated) low status=less competent (take fewer/given fewer action opps; make less performance outputs; outputs less positively evaluated)
Reward Theory of Attraction: You want to maximize rewards and minimize costs in relationships
group: a social unit that consists of 2 or more people characterized by membership, interaction, shared goals, and shared expectations and norms
Obedience: compliance to a direct order from a person of higher status or authority
Dyadic withdrawal: increasing reliance on one person for gratification and decreasing reliance on others
proximity: nearness in space
a few behavioral responses to injustice: try to restore actual justice- change outcomes or inputs, change comparison other, leave situation, complain
stigmatization (exclusion of clique): clique members make fun of each other
Self-fulfilling prophecy: treat beautiful people as if they are nice, so they act nice to you because of the nice way you treat them; also beautiful people perceived as more intelligent
physical attractiveness stereotype: what is beautiful is good (snow white)
Power in organizations: ability to get things done in an organization by mobilizing resources
interdependence: mutual dependence on one another in relationship
Strategies to reduce effects of status:: present add'l info on status characteristics, relevance of characteristics; create inconsistency in status info; demonstrate equal or superior competence; have legitimacy
accuracy (procedural justice): base decisions on accurate info
Equity: everyone pays for what they ate
Legitimate power: derived from authority role
Expulsion (exclusion in cliques): permanent excommunication from clique
Referential comparisons: compare with people like oneself

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