Culture and Values 16-17
Terms
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- Satire
- The use of ridicule and sarcasm to expose and discourage what the author considers folly or even more serious shortcomings; popular in eighteenth-century literature
- Tonality
- The characteristic of most music written between the seventeenth and twentieth centuries to be anchored around a fixed key and mode (i.e., major and minor), from which it can move but to which it eventually returns
- Symphony
- A musical work in several self-contained movements, written for full orchestra;essentially a sonata for orchestra
- Lieder
- The German word for "songs," generally used to describe songs set to a German text
- Style galant
- A style of elegant, lighthearted music popular in France in the early eighteenth century
- Synthesis
- A philosophical theory developed by Hegel, the world of humans, which he called "pure, infinite being," and antithesis, the world of nature
- Sonata form, sonata allegro form
- A musical form evolved during the eighteenth century that became the basis of the first movement (and sometimes also the last) of a sonata
- Fetes galantes
- In the eighteenth century, elegant festivals or parties, held outdoors
- Theme
- A short musical idea, or time, which a composer can then vary and develop
- Exposition
- The opening section of a sonata form movement, setting out its main themes
- Scherzo
- The Italian word for "joke." Beethoven first employed the term for the third, more light-hearted movement of his symphonies, and composers continues to use it either to describe a similar movement in a symphonies, and composers continued to use it either to describe similar movement in a symphony or for an in independent piece
- Gnadenaltar
- The German word for "Mercy Altar," generally found in pilgrimage churches in southern Germany and Austria
- Sturm ind Drang
- German for "Storm and Stress." A late-eighteenth-century German literary school that rejected Neo-Classicism and emphasized emotions and protest against established authority
- Transcendentalists
- An American literary school of the nineteenth century that emphasized the transcendental unity of humans and nature
- Mazurka
- A Polish folk-dance in fast triple time
- Intermezzo
- The Italian word for "interlude." Originally used to described a short musical piece between two longer ones, or between two acts of an opera, it became used by some Romantic composers to describe a short independent composition
- Allegro
- The Italian word for "fast," used to indicate the speed at which a piece of music should be played
- Bel canto
- Italian for "beautiful singing;"term applied to a school of early nineteenth-century opera
- Paste
- Dry sticks of colored chalk that leave a soft, powdery hue when rubbed on paper
- Tempo
- The Italian word for "time": the speed, indicated by the composer, at which a piece of music should be performed
- Ensemble
- In opera, a scene in which several characters sing simultaneously
- Development
- The central section of a sonata form movement, in which a composer changed and combines the themes stated in the opening exposition
- Luminism
- School of landscape painting that developed in mid-nineteenth-century America
- Nocturne
- Short, dreamy piece of music, generally for solo piano. Invented by the Irish composer John Field, it was popularized by Chopin
- Coda
- The Italian word for "tail"; the concluding section of a sonata form movment
- Natural selection
- According to Charles Darwin, the process of evolution by which some variations of each species die out, while others survive
- Movement
- A self-contained section section of a musical work made up of several separate movements; the Classical symphony had four
- Kettle drums
- A kind of drum that can by turned to a specific pitch (note); known in Italian as timpani
- Adagio
- The Italian word for "very slow;" used by composers to indicate the speed at which music should be played
- Minuet
- A French seventeenth-century dance, the rhythm of which came to be used in the third movement of eighteenth-century sonatas and symphonies
- Sonata
- Generally, from the eighteenth century on, a piece of music for one or two instruments (piano sonata for solo piano, violin sonata for violin and piano, etc.) in several self-contained movements
- Empfindsamkeit
- The German word for "sensitiveness." In music, the term was used to describe the emotional music popular in the mid-eighteenth century
- Recapitulation
- The third section of a sonata form movement, which restates the themes heard in the first section, the exposition
- Enlightened despots
- Eighteenth-century rules who, while retaining full powers, sought the welfare of their subject
- Gesantkunstwerk
- German term invented by Wagner meaning "complete art work" to describe his combination of music, poetry, the visual arts and movement in a single work