Ism's
Terms
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- Cult of Domesticity—The Feminine Ideal:
- According to the ideals of the cult of domesticity, women were supposed to embody perfect virtue in all senses. The women who abided by and promoted these standards were generally literate and lived in the northeast, particularly New York and Massachusetts. Women were put in the center of the domestic sphere and were expected to fulfill the roles of a calm and nurturing mother, a loving and faithful wife, and a passive, delicate, and virtuous creature.
- Communism:
- a theory or system of social organization based on the holding of all property in common, actual ownership being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state.
- Friedrich Engels:
- 1820-95, German socialist in England: collaborated with Karl Marx in systematizing Marxism.
- Karl Marx:
- German philosopher, economist, and revolutionary. With the help and support of Friedrich Engels he wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848) and Das Kapital (1867-1894). These works explain historical development in terms of the interaction of contradictory economic forces, form the basis of all communist theory, and have had a profound influence on the social sciences.
- Charles Darwin:
- author of The Origin of Species, he was the first to develop the theory of evolution through the mechanism of natural selection.
- Romanticism:
- is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution.[1] It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.
- Anarchism:
- a political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory government
- Benjamin Disraeli:
- 1804-81, British statesman and novelist: prime minister 1868, 1874-80.
- Franco-Prussian War:
- the war between France and Prussia, 1870-71.h
- Movement of People:
- large amounts of immigrants were coming in to the United States, especially the Irish. In addition, many rural populations were moving in to the city to find work.
- Clemens von Metternich:
- He was a major figure in the negotiations before and during the Congress of Vienna and is considered both a paradigm of foreign-policy management and a major figure in the development of diplomatic praxis
- Otto von Bismarck:
- 1815-98, German statesman: first chancellor of modern German Empire 1871-90.
- William Gladstone:
- liberal British statesman who served as prime minister four times (1809-1898)
- Women's Suffrage:
- the term woman's suffrage refer to the economic and political reform movement aimed at extending suffrage — the right to vote — to women.
- Realpolitik:
- political realism or practical politics, esp. policy based on power rather than on ideals.
- Reform Act of 1832:
- The Representation of the People Act 1832, commonly known as the Reform Act 1832, was an Act of Parliament that introduced wide-ranging changes to the electoral system of the United Kingdom. According to its preamble, the act was designed to "take effectual Measures for correcting diverse Abuses that have long prevailed in the Choice of Members to serve in the Commons House of Parliament."
- Confederation of the Rhine:
- lasted from 1806 to 1813 and was formed initially from 16 German states by Napoleon after he defeated Austria's Francis II and Russia's Alexander I in the Battle of Austerlitz. The Treaty of Pressburg, in effect, led to the creation of the Confederation of the Rhine.
- Second Scientific Revolution:
- The intervening period saw a fundamental transformation in scientific ideas in physics, astronomy, and biology, in institutions supporting scientific investigation, and in the more widely held picture of the universe.
- Utopian Socialists:
- Utopian socialism is a term used to define the first currents of modern socialist thought. Although it is technically possible for any person living at any time in history to be a utopian socialist, the term is most often applied to those utopian socialists who lived in the first quarter of the 19th century.
- Concert of Europe:
- The Concert of Europe also known as the "Congress System" was the result of a custom, following the era of Napoleon and the French Revolution, adopted by the old great powers of Europe of meeting from time to time in an International Conference, or Congress, in order to plan a solution by mutual agreement (hence "concert"), whenever some problem arose that threatened peace between European nations.
- Urban Living Conditions:
- these tended to be filthy, and the majority of the poor lived in these conditions. They were the result of the Industrial Revolution, and a lack of sanitation.
- Medical Advancements:
- Pasteur discovered bacteria as the agent that caused many illnesses. In addition, many advances were made in terms of cleanliness. Marie Curie also discovered radiation at this time.
- Zollverein:
- (in the 19th century) a union of German states for the maintenance of a uniform tariff on imports from other countries, and of free trading among themselves
- Realism:
- In the visual arts and literature is the depiction of subjects as they appear in everyday life, without embellishment or interpretation. The term is also used to describe works of art which, in revealing a truth, may emphasize the ugly or sordid.
- Proletariat:
- the class of wage earners, esp. those who earn their living by manual labor or who are dependent for support on daily or casual employment; the working class.
- The Communist Manifesto:
- (1848) A book in which Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels proclaimed the principles of communism.
- Rotten Boroughs:
- referred to a parliamentary borough or constituency in Great Britain and Ireland which had a very small population and was "controlled" and used by a patron to exercise undue and unrepresentative influence within parliament. Such boroughs existed for centuries, although the term rotten borough only came into usage in the 18th century.