Virology 16 Arboviruses and Roboviruses*
Terms
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- Why are Arboviruses called Arboviruses?
- Arthropod-borne viruses
- Why are Roboviruses called Roboviruses?
- Rodent-borne viruses
- An insect can itself be a reservoir of Arbovirus if:
- Transovarial transmission occurs
- What are three Arbovirus disease symptoms?
-
Flu-like symptoms
Encephalitis
Haemorrhagic fever - What type of virus is West Nile virus (WNV)?
- An arthropod-borne flavivirus
- What are some clinical features of West Nile?
-
1. Mild infection
2. Severe infection
-1 in 150 infections result in
severe neurological disease - The most significant risk factor for developing West Nile virus induced severe neurological disease is:
- Advanced age
- What is the most efficient method of WNV detection?
- IgM antibody to WNV in serum or CSF
- Why do local measures to control the spread of Japanese encephalitis fail?
- The transmission cycle involves the Culex mosquito which has a flight range of 20 km
- Describe the forms of the Yellow fever virus
-
Jungle YF
-the natural reservoir of the disease involving primates and forest mosquitoes
- humans may become incidentally infected upon venturing into jungle
Urban YF- transmitted between humans by Aedes aegypti - Why if given the choice, would you probably rather not have Yellow fever?
- GI hemorrhage leads to “black vomit†and 50% of patients with frank YF die
- What is the biggest Arbovirus problem in the world today?
- Dengue
- There are how many Dengue serotypes?
- 4 Dengue serotypes
- How do human Dengue infections arise?
- From human-Aedes mosquito-human
- How do severe cases of Dengue present?
- With HF and shock with a mortality of 5-10% (Dengue HF or Dengue shock syndrome)
- Severe cases of Dengue are seen most often in which patients?
- Previously infected with a different serotype, suggesting an immunopathogenic mechanism
- The Togaviruses carried by mosquitoes include which viruses that cause flu-like symptoms that can progress to encephalitis:
- Equine encephalitis viruses
- What is the most important cause of pediatric arbovirus encephalitis in the U.S.?
- La Crosse Virus
- Name a rodent-borne Bunyavirus
- Hantavirus
- The multi-system pathology of Hantavirus Disease (HVD) is characterized by:
- Damage to capillaries and small vessel walls, resulting in vasodilation and congestion with hemorrhages
- Classically Hantavirus consists of 5 distinct phases:
-
Febrile phase
Hypotensive phase
Oliguric phase - may include renal failure and shock
Diuretic phase
Convalescent phase - What virus can cause serious hemorrhagic disease due to infection of the vascular endothelium?
- Colorado Tick Fever Virus
- Can you guess how Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) differs from Hantavirus Disease?
- Damage to capillaries occurs predominantly in the lungs rather than the kidney
- How are robovirus infections frequently spread
- By urine/feces via inhalation
- What are the two main disease types caused by Arboviruses
- Viral encephalitis and Fevers/VHF
- What are some basic characteristics of Arboviruses and Roboviruses
-
All are RNA viruses
Most are enveloped - What are the four main arthropod vectors of Arboviruses
-
Aedes mosquito
Culex mosquito
Ticks
Sandfly - Infection with what should be strongly considered in adults older than 50 who develop unexplained encephalitis or meningitis in summer or early fall
- WNV, or other arboviral diseases such as St. Louis encephalitis
- Why does IgM antibody in CSF strongly suggest central nervous system infection
- IgM antibody does not cross the blood-brain barrier