HIST 2620 final
review terms for final in HIST 2620 at UNT
Terms
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- CREEP
- Richard Nixon's committee for re-electing the president. Found to have been engaged in a "dirty tricks" campaign against the democrats in 1972. They raised tens of millions of dollars in campaign funds using unethical means. They were involved in the infamous Watergate cover-up.
- Rosa Parks
- United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement (born in 1913)
- Arab Oil Boycott
- on Oct. 20, 1973, Saudi Arabia announced it was imposing a total oil boycott against the United States in retaliation for its support of Israel during the October war. The action caused an economic earthquake around the world.1 Suddenly Americans and others were forming long lines at gas stations, and the greatest transfer of wealth in world history began. The price of gasoline soared, briefly up tenfold. It was a devastating added cost for governments, corporations and families.
- John Steinbeck
- United States writer noted for his novels about agricultural workers, also wrote grapes of wrath (1902-1968)
- Martin Luther King
- United States charismatic civil rights leader and Baptist minister who campaigned against the segregation of Blacks (1929-1968)
- Warren Court
- time when Earl Warren led the Supreme Court and controversial decisions were made expanding civil rights
- Battle of Dien Bien Phu
- The climactic battle of the First Indochina War between French Union forces of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps, and Vietnamese Viet Minh communist revolutionary forces. The battle occurred between March and May 1954, and culminated in a massive French defeat that effectively ended the war.
- Berlin Wall
- In 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany. The wall was torn down in 1989.
- Japanese "economic miracle"
- the historical phenomenon of Japan's record period of economic growth following World War II, spurred partly by United States investment but mainly by Japanese government economic interventionism in particular through their Ministry of International Trade and Industry
- Rosenbergs
- 1954--convicted and executed for allegadly giving atomic bomb secrets to the Soviets
- Huey Long
- Senator of Louisiana developed "Share Our Wealth" plan which called for taxing heavily the rich to give every American a home and $2500/year. Assasinated in 1935
- Operation Barbarossa
- Hitler's plan for conquest of the Soviet Union.
- Civil Rights Act Of 1964
- This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.
- Conservative backlash
- Vietnam, Watergate, the recurrent energy crisis, the swooning economy of the late '70s, the increasingly disorderly world scene highlighted by the Iran Hostage Crisis, and the failed presidencies associated with those events robbed Americans of their native optimism and contributed to a "Rebirth of Conservatism" that characterized the 1980s. At the forefront of the conservative movement was Ronald Reagan, who went on to redefine politics like no one since Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- plessy vs ferguson
- SEPARATE BUT EQUAL, was arrested and the court stated that whites and blacks were separate, but equal which was not true
- Manhattan Project
- code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
- George Kennan
- US ambassador in Moscow, expert in Russian History, predicts cold war introduces idea of containment & says we cant fight them everywhere, weve got to pick and choose
- Herbert Hoover
- president of the U.S from 1923-1933 leader of the US in the beginning of the great depression. He didn't want the gov involved in the peoples lives and thought that the people should express their individual rights.
- National Recovery Administration
- Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.
- OPEC
- the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, which decides the price and the amount of oil produced each year in Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Venezuela, and other countries.
- Brown vs. Board of Education
- In 1954, the Supreme Court outlawed racial segregation in public schools with this landmark case that reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) decision of "separate but equal."
- radical feminism
- 1960s and 70s; employed a variety of publicity generating and confrontational tactics (such as crowning a sheep Miss America at the 1968 pageant) to protest for greater equality for women; believed that patriarchy (the power of men) in American society was the cause of women's oppression); started organizations, centers, programs, etc. for women's protection, aid, and education; did much to publicize the movement
- Causes of the Great Depression
- a deflation in asset and commodity prices, dramatic drops in demand and credit, and disruption of trade, ultimately resulting in widespread poverty and unemployment.
- Tet Offensive
- Viet Cong attack in which they launched assaults throughout South Vietnam on Americans and civilians. It destroyed any hope left for the war. Johnson's popularity declined to 35 percent.
- Franklin D. Roosevelt
- the thirty-second President of the United States. Elected to four terms in office, he served from 1933 to 1945, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than two terms of office. He was a central figure of the 20th century during a time of worldwide economic crisis and world war.
- Roosevelt Recession
- When FDR started to take away some of the new deal programs recession started back up again. This proved that the new deal programs didnt "cure" the depression, they only "stopped the bleeding".
- Okinawa
- Showed that the Japanese would "fight to the death",was the scene of the last great U.S. amphibious campaign in World War II. U.S. army and marine forces
- Jimmy Carter
- president 1977-81, he walked to his inaugural address b/c he wanted to seem normal and create an informal presidency, he tried to jolt economy out of recession by increasing federal spending and cutting taxes, when he reversed his economic policies, he seemed weak and uncertain
- Wagner Act
- 1935; established National Labor Relations Board; protected the rights of most workers in the private sector to organize labor unions, to engage in collective bargaining, and to take part in strikes and other forms of concerted activity in support of their demands.
- inflation
- a general and progressive increase in prices
- Cuban missile crisis
- the 1962 confrontation bewteen US and the Soviet Union over Soviet missiles in Cuba
- Malcolm X
- 1952; renamed himself to signify the loss of his African heritage; converted to Nation of Islam in jail in the 50s, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter; his beliefs were the basis of a lot of the Black Power movement built on seperationist and nationalist impulsesto achieve true independence and equality
- Midway
- Important battle, broke Japanese supremacy in Pacific, Stalled Japanese offensive
- Civil Rights movement
- movement in the United States beginning in the 1960s and led primarily by Blacks in an effort to establish the civil rights of individual Black citizens
- Containment
- A goal to stop the spread of communism. The US had to use military and non military actions to stop the spread.
- Marshall Plan
- a United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952)
- Normandy Invasion
- AKA D-day. The American and British invasion of France in World War II; Normandy is a province of northern France. The successful invasion began a series of victories for the Allies, and Germany surrendered less than a year later
- Grand Alliance
- Was the alliance of United States, Great Britain, and Soviet Union. Their military resources were awesome. The strengths of the United States were its mighty industry, its large population, and its national unity. (983)
- Watergate
- 1972; Nixon feared loss so he approved the Commission to Re-Elect the President to spy on and espionage the Democrats. A security gaurd foiled an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committe Headquarters, exposing the scandal. Seemingly contained, after the election Nixon was impeached and stepped down
- Dr. Francis Townsend
- critic of the new deal; developed a plan to ensure that the elderly, ages 60 and older, would gain a monthly pension of $200 that must be spent within 30 days
- Richard Nixon
- Ended the draft and stopped US participation in Vietnam; during his term Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon; resigned as a result of the Watergate scandal
- Isolationism
- A policy of avoiding alliances and other types of involvement in the affairs of other nations.
- Korean War
- The conflict that followed the crossing of the 38th parrellel by the North Korean Forces. Truman viewed this conflict as a test case for his containment policy.
- Dean Acheson
- United States statesman who promoted the Marshall Plan and helped establish NATO (1893-1971)
- Reaganomics
- 1980s; economic program which cut taxes and government regulation in order to increase productivity, and eventully increase tax revenue as cash flowed in the economy
- stagflation
- a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)
- Father Charles Coughlin
- Michigan Catholic priest ;; "Social Justice" ;; anti-New Deal rants were so anti-Semitic, fascistic, and demagogic that he was silenced
- Kent State
- Ohio college where an anti-war protest got way out of hand, the Nat'l Guard was called in and killed 3 students (innocent & unarmed,wounded 9) in idiscriminate fire of M-1 rifles
- Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
- restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area.
- Rosie the Riveter
- symbol of American women who went to work in factories during the war
- domino theory
- the political theory that if one nation comes under Communist control then neighboring nations will also come under Communist control
- Munich Agreement
- agreement between Chamberlain and Hitler that Germany would not conquer any more land, and if did, would declare war
- Holocaust
- the organized killing of European Jews and others by the Nazis during WWII
- Japanese-American Internment
- An order for the removal of Japanese and Japanese-Americans to intern camps due to mistrust after Pearl Harbor
- Social Security Act
- Guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and childern, the handicapped, and public health; continues today
- Pacific Theater
- Involved the battles of Iwo Jima, Guadalcanal, Phillipines, Wake Island, Guam, Midway, and the two atomic bombs
- Harry S Truman
- Became president when FDR died; gave the order to drop the atomic bomb
- Vietnam War
- the conflict in which South Vietnam, supported by U.S. was defeated by Communist North Vietnam
- GI Bill
- law passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher educations
- Pearl Harbor
- American base in Hawaii that was bombed by Japanese planes on December 7, 1941. The bombing forced the United States to enter the war.
- Works Progress Administration
- May 6, 1935- Began under Hoover and continued under Roosevelt but was headed by Harry L. Hopkins. Provided jobs and income to the unemplyed but couldn't work more than 30 hours a week. It built many public buildings and roads, and as well operated a large arts project.
- Lyndon B. Johnson
- signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda. in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy famillies. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.
- Thurgood Marshall
- American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States, a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.
- Economic Embargo
- the prohibition of commerce and trade with a certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation, given that the effects of the embargo are often able to make its economy suffer from the initiative
- Civilian Conservation Corps
- Relief: March 31, 1933; reduced poverty/unemployment, helped young men and families; young men go to rural camps for 6 months to do construction work; $1/day; intended to help youth escape cities; concerned with soil erosion, state/national parks, telephone/power lines; 40 hr weeks
- Blitzkrieg
- German word for lightening war. All and out attack with constant explosions from the air and land.
- Gerald Nye
- Senator in charge of committee that determines war merchants caused WWI
- Earl Warren
- He was Chief Justice and he was marked with dealing mostly with civil rights and racial segregation.
- Yalta Conference
- FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War
- John F. Kennedy
- US President 1960-1963, Ordered the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba, a failed attempt to overthrow Cuban leader Fidel Castro in 1961, assassinated
- The Great Stock Market Crash of 1929
- The name for the period lasting from October 29th to November 13th in 1929 during which the stock market dropped violently, losing much of its value and contributing to the start of the Great Depression, was the impetus for a great number of reforms and regulations related to securities trading.
- Court-Packing Scheme
- FDR attempted to pack the Supreme Court with more liberal justices because FDR and the congress passed many Alphabet Soup Acts which the Supreme Court severly disagreed with. Although his Sceme did not work, it showed that American's did not want the age old justice system to be tampered with.
- Gulf of Tonkin Resolution
- The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident. It is of historical significance because it gave U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson authorization, without a formal declaration of war by Congress, for the use of military force in Southeast Asia.
- NATO
- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
- National Industrial Recover Act (NIRA)
- authorized the President to regulate banks, and stimulate the United States economy to recover from the Great Depression.
- Adolf Hitler
- his dictatorial rule of Germany, which led to the deaths of millions in World War II, has placed him among history's most hated villains. A decorated veteran of World War I, he joined the German Workers' Party in 1919, later renaming it the National Socialist German Workers Party
- Truman doctrine
- policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology
- Ronald Reagan
- first elected president in 1980 and elected again in 1984. He ran on a campaign based on the common man and "populist" ideas. He served as governor of California from 1966-1974, and he participated in the McCarthy Communist scare. Iran released hostages on his Inauguration Day in 1980. While president, he developed Reagannomics, the trickle down effect of government incentives. He cut out many welfare and public works programs. He used the Strategic Defense Initiative to avoid conflict. His meetings with Gorbachev were the first steps to ending the Cold War. He was also responsible for the Iran-contra Affair which bought hostages with guns.
- Eleanor Roosevelt
- She helped shaped the social programs known as the New Deal and was the voice of FDR. Also, she was a strong advocater for the poor, women's rights, racial equality, and world peace.