Psychology Chapter 7-9 Review
End of Chapter Reviews and End of Section Reviews for Chapters 7 - 9 for PSY 213
Terms
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- H.M's episodic memory
- was more profoundly affected by the surger than was his PROCEDURAL memory
- Howard Gardner's linguistic intelligence
- type of intelligence most likely to be measured by IQ test
- n Ach
- a motive that would most likely be influenced by living in an individualistic culture versus a collectivist culture
- individual
- although everyone agrees that heredity affects _______ intelligences, there is no evidence that it accounts for differences among groups
- suggestibility
- a "sin" of memory that is disputed by those who believe that memories of childhood abuse can be recovered during adulthood
- distributed characteristic
- If intelligence is a normally __________, then you would expect to find it to be spread throughout the population, but with most people clustered near the middle of the range
- encoding, storage, retrieval
- three essential tasks of memory
- thinking
- transforms available information to form new mental representations
- arousal
- emotion emphasizes _____
- being cued
- An implicit memory activated by priming or an explicit memory activated by a recognizable stimulus is an example of:
- Maslow's theory of motivation
- theory of motivation that is different because it deals with a wide range of motives
- recognition
- remembering someone's face
- limbic system
- the region of the brain most involved in emotions, attack, self-defense, and flight
- confirmation bias
- mary ignores negative information about her favorite political candidate
- emotions
- ______ result from an interaction of biological arousal, subjective feelings, cognitive interpretation, and behavioral expression
- group
- The fact that intelligence is heritable has ometimes been misunderstood by those taking an extreme hereditarian view as meaning that heredity explains _______ differences in IQ scores
- video recorder
- false theory of memory; memory is an interpretation of experience
- communicating our emotional states
- adaptive value of __________ allows us to anticipate each other's responses and so to live more easily in groups
- elaborative rehearsal
- most effective memorizing method (thinking of an example of each term)
- Cattell's Theory
- The theory that using algorithms and heuristics is a part of fluid intelligence
- semantic memory
- knowledge that would contain your knowledge of the material you studied in the first chapter of this book
- concepts
- simplifying sensory input by categorizing sets of experiences and objects according to common features
- meaningful
- Information becomes more ________ as it passes from one stage of your memory to the next
- concept hierarchy
- animal > mammal > dog > cocker spaniel
- repression
- controversial notion that memories can be blocked off in the unconscious, where they may cause physical and mental problems
- encoding
- remembering a new cat's unique markings
- hunger
- an example of a biological drive
- distorted
- Studies of eyewitness testimony and recovery of "repressed" memories show that memories can be severely _________, even when we have confidence in them
- Plutchik
- ______ would say that regret is a combination of more basic emotion
- calmly tell them that you feel angry
- Psychological research suggests that it might be best to handle your feelings of anger toward a friend by ____
- two factory theory
- the theory that emphasizes biological arousal and cognitive interpretation
- concepts, images, schemas
- components of thought
- Organized knowledge
- type of knowledge that distinguishes the expert from the novice
- Binet and Simon
- assumed that education could affect intelligence
- working memory
- part where the information must be made meaningful
- concept of heredity
- refers to genetic variation within a group of individuals that have had the same environment
- learned
- Research suggests that the ability to control one's emotional responses is a skill that can be ______
- emotional intelligence
- the ability to control one's emotional responses
- James-Lange theory
- the theory that first called attention to the idea that our physical responses can influence our emotion
- Ekman's research
- indicated universal emotions which include anger, surprise, and contempt
- availability bias
- you think your chances of being mugged are high because watching a lot of violent videos has flawed your judgment
- four basic purposes of motivation
- relate behavior to internal biological mechanisms, to infer internal states from observable behavior, to explain perseverance despite adversity
- physical arousal
- lie detectors detect _______
- proactive interference
- the sociology I studied yesterday makes it more difficult to learn and remember the psychology I am studying today
- sexual motivation
- a basic drive that is not a homeostatic drive
- emotions
- help organisms survive in important, recurring situations
- The Loftuf and Palmer study of eyewitnesses
- study that best illustrates the reconstructive nature of retrieval for long term memory
- n Ach
- the least important biological factor in accounting for motivation differences between individuals
- recall
- Remembering someone's name
- episodic memory
- a part of the long term memory that stores autobiographical information in order to get material into permanent storage, it must be made meaningful while it is in working memory
- identifying the problem
- the first step of problem solving
- cognition and emotion
- Theorists debate whether __________ are independent of each other
- hunger
- The _____ motive seems to regulate behavior in order to maintain a certain physical condition in the body, known as a set point
- action
- motivation emphasizes ______
- multiple orgasms
- According to Masters and Johnson's research, the sexual response cycles of men and women are essentially the same, except for women's ability for _____
- artificial concept
- a dictionary definition
- biological
- unlike achievement motivation, hunger and sex have a strong _____ basis
- n Ach
- Murray and McClelland measure ____ with the Thematic Apperception Test
- heredity
- early american psychologists believed ______ to be the dominant influence on intelligence
- practical intelligence
- stopping by a professor's office to ask questions results in higher grade in class
- 9
- a 9 year old child with an IQ of 100 would have a mental age of _____
- constrained
- when lying by giving false information, you are likely to become more _____ in your gesturing
- 125
- A twelve year old child has a mental age of fifteen. What is her IQ?
- polygraphy
- many psychologists have become concerned about the widespread use of _____ because innocent people can be incorrectly identified as lying
- action
- psychology of motivation attempts to explain why a certain ____ is selected
- procedural memory
- knowledge of how to use a can opener, boot up your computer, address an envelope, or program a VCR
- persistence
- a "sin" of memory that probablly helps us avoid dangerous situations we have encountered before
- creative people
- people who are independent, have a high level of motivation, and a willingness to restructure the brain
- Problem with original IQ formula
- it gave a distorted picture of adult's intellectual abilities
- label for behavior
- Instinct has dropped our of favor with psychologists because it has become a _____ rather than an explanation for behavior
- Scarr and Weinberg
- study supports the idea that racial differences in IQ scores are the result of environmental differences
- human memory
- reconstructs material during retrieval
- mental script
- outlines the proper sequence in which actions and reaction might be expected to happen in a given setting
- People's expectations
- self-fulling prophecies seem to come true due to _______
- sensory memory
- stage of memory where there is no meaning attached to information
- heuristics
- "tricks of the trade" or "rules of thumb"
- motivation
- psychologists use the concept of _______ to connect observable behavior to internal states, to account for variability in behavior, and to explain perseverance despite adversity.
- script
- knowing how to check out a book at the library
- cognitive vs. behavioral
- most aptly characterizes the current debate about intelligence
- emotions
- help organisms identify important and recurring situations
- Drive theory
- the approach that is most compatible with the concept of homeostasis
- depression occurs more often in women
- Men and women differ in their emotional expressions in that certain emotional disorders, such as __________
- proactive interference
- Elise used to live in a house with a large kitchen, where all the silverware was stored in a drawer to the right of the sink. since she moved to her new apartment, she finds that she habitually looks for the silverware in a drawer to the right of the sink, although no such drawer exists. Her behavior reflects forgetting due to ________
- autonomic nervous system
- During emotional arousal, the ________ sends messages to the internal organs
- reconstructive
- unlike a video recorder, the human memory is _______
- high need for achievement
- People with a _______ have been found to be more likely to get better grades in school
- algorithm
- using a formula to solve a math problem
- heuristic strategies
- show that our thinking is often based on experience rather than logic
- thinking of an example for each term
- the best method to remember concepts and terms
- TOT phenomenon
- occurs when a person is unable to recall a specific word
- motivation
- ______ takes many forms but all involve inferred mental processes that select and direct our behavior
- heredity and environment
- intelligence is the result of an interaction of _______
- implicit memory
- type of memory that explains a flood of memories prompted by a high school class reunion
- working memory
- memory that has the smallest capacity
- Ebbinghau's forgetting curve
- we forget rapidly at first and then more slowly as time goes on
- encoding, storage, retrieval
- three essential tasks of memory
- intrinsic motivation
- studying because you find the subject interesting
- Gardner's linguistic ability
- most like that measured on standard IQ tests
- mental age
- the average age at which people achieve a particular score on an intelligence test