Pharmocology T3

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What's an antihistamine?: A group of drugs that inhibit the actions of histamine.
How is histamine released?: From mast cells located in the skin of dogs, or through certain histamine liberators.
What are some adverse reactions to histamines being released in the body?: Pruritis, hypotension (low blood pressure) and constriction of bronchioles.
What are some side effects of antihistamines?: Sedation or lethargy, CNS excitation, Teratogenicity, birth defects, anti-cholinergic action (decrese in secretions), rare agranulocytosis (increase in lymphocytes and monocytes).
What should antihistamines not be given with?: Anticonvulsant drugs
Are antihistamines better used as a prevention or a treatment?: Prevention
What type of drug is Dihyenhydramine?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Chlorpheniramine?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Hydroxyzine HCL?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Terfenadine?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Dimenhydrinate?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Pyrilamine Maleate?: Antihistamine
What type of drug is Cortisol?: Natural Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Aldosterone?: Mineralocorticoid
What type of drug is Fludrocortisone acetate?: Mineralocorticoid
What type of drug is Florinef (R)?: Mineralocorticoid - Fludrocortisone acetate
What type of drug is Prednisone?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Prednisolone?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Betamethasone?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Dexamethasone?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Methylprednisolone?: Synthetic Glucorticoid
What type of drug is Prednisolone sodium succinate?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid
What type of drug is Betason (R)?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid - Betamethasone
What type of drug is Azium (R)?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid - Dexamethasone
What type of drug is Depo-medrol (R)?: Synthetic Glucocorticoid - Methylprednisolone
What type of drug is Solu-Delta-Cortef (R)?: Synthetic Glucorticoid - Prednisolone sodium succinate
What type of drug is Flunixin Meglumine?: NSAID
What type of drug is Banamine (R)?: NSAID - Flunixin Meglumine
What type of drug is Phenylbutazone?: NSAID
What type of drug is Butazolidin (R)?: NSAID - Phenylbutazone
What type of drug is Ecotrin (R)?: NSAID - Acetylsalicylic acid
What type of drug is aspirin?: NSAID - Acetylsalicylic acid
What type of drug is Dimethyl sulfoxide?: NSAID
What type of drug is DMSO?: NSAID - Dimethyl Sulfoxide
What type of drug is Carprofen?: NSAID
What type of drug is Rimadyl (R)?: NSAID - Carprofen
What type of drug is Naproxen?: NSAID
What type of drug is Naprosyn (R)?: NSAID - Naproxen
What type of drug is Equiproxen (R)?: NSAID - Naproxen
What type of drug is Etodolac?: NSAID
What type of drug is EtoGesic (R)?: NSAID - Etodolac
What type of drug is Dermaxx?: NSAID
What two NSAIDS aren't used in veterinary medicine?: Ibuprofen (Advil (R)) and Acetaminophen (Tylenol (R)).
Which antihistamine is effective for "Heaves" in horse?: Chlorpheniramine (Chlor-trimetron (R))
What type of drug is Benadryl (R)?: Antihistamine - Diphenhydramine
What type of drug is Chlor-trimetron (R)?: Antihistamine - Chlorpheniramine
What type of drug is Atarax (R)?: Antihistamine - Hydroxyzine HCL
What type of drug is Seldane (R)?: Antihistamine - Terfendadine
What type of drug is Dramamine (R)?: Antihistamine - Dimenhydrinate
What type of drug is Histavet (R)?: Antihistamine - Pyrilamine Maleate
What type of cell releases histamine?: Mast cells
What are the clinical uses of Antihistamines?: Pruritis, urticaria (hives), laminitis in horses, motion sickness, anaphylactic shock, reverse sneeze syndrome, 'heaves' in horses and upper respiratory tract infections.
What antihistamine has an anti-emetic effect?: Dimenhydrinate - Dramamine (R)
Which antihistamine is inexpensive, causes relaxtion of skeletal muscles, has some ananlgesic effects and less side effects than other AH's?: Hydroxyzine HCL - Atarax(R)
Which antihistamine is somewhat effective for 'heaves' in horses?: Chlorpheniramine - Chlor-trimetron (R)
What do coticosteroids treat?: Infammatory, pruritic, immune-mediated diseases and sometimes shock.
Where are natural steroids produced?: By the adrenal cortex
What are the two major catergories of steroids?: Mineralcorticoids and Glucocorticoids
What are some contraindications for using steroids?: Pregnancy, diabetes mellitus, vaccinations, immature, dehydrated, corneal ulcers, animals with actively healing wounds or with severe infections.
What is the triple "A" effect?: Anti-inflammatory, Anti-pyretic, Analgesic. NSAIDS
What are the advantages of NSAIDS over steroids?: No steroidal side effects (PU/PD/PP), no CNS suppression (can use for analgesia), fewer serious side-effects than those associated with steroids.
What's the most common problem associated with NSAIDS?: Gastrointestinal bleeding and ulceration.
What are some disadvantages of NSAIDS?: *Gastrointestional bleeding and ulceration. Blood abnormalities (affect bone marrow), clotting problems, decrease renal blood perfusion (~ hepatotoxicity).
What are the contraindications for NSAID use?: Kidney or liver disease, hypotension or dehydration, thrombocytopenis/clotting disease, GI ulcerative disease, corticosteroid use.
What NSAID is used primarily in Large Animal Medicine?: Phenylbutazole - Butazolidin (R)
What NSAID are cats very sensitvie to and should only be given by Vet prescription?: Acetylsalicylic acid - Asprin, Ecotrin (R)
What NSAID should be used as a one time dose? Why?: Flunixin Megumine - Banamine (R). There is the potential for gastric ulcers and nephrotoxicity.
What NSAID is used as a carrier for other drugs?: Dimethyl sulfoxide - DMSO (R)
What NSAID should never be used in cats? Why?: Acetaminophen - Tylenol (R). One tablet can be fatal.
Symptoms of Acetaminophen (Tylenol (R)) poisoning in cats?: Facial edema, cyanosis, depression, anorexia.
What is a fever?: A change in the temerature set point of the CNS, resulting in elevated core body temperature.
What is hyperthermia?: Change in tempreature due to external causes, the CNS set point is normal. Ex. overheating from the environment - being locked in the car on a hot day.
What are pyrogens?: Chemical agents that raise the CNS set point resulting in fever. Ex. bacteria, viruses, drugs, fungi, immune complexes, leukocyte proteins, and damaged tissue.
What might cause a fever?: Bacteria, viruses, drugs, fungi, immune complexes, leukocyte proteins, damaged tissues.
What drugs are used to treat a fever?: Buffered aspriin (Ecotrin (R)), Phenylbutazone, Banamine (R).
What is a non-drug supportive therapy to treat a fever?: Fluids
What can occur if a fever becomes excessive - over 107 degrees?: Damage to the liver, kidneys and CNS, cardiovascular collapse and shock.
What NSAID is not recommended for use in Small Animal Medicine? Why?: Naproxen - Naprosyn (R), Equiproxen (R). Accurate dosing is difficult and it stays in a dogs plasma 5 times as long as in humans.
Which NSAID will penetrate intact skin and may used topically along with another drug?: Dimethyl sulfoxide - DMSO (R)

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