Veterinary Endocrine System
Terms
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- endocrine system
- involves the secretion of hormones.
- hormones
- chemicals in the body that control bodily functions.
- exocrine
- secretion of chemicals outside the body.
- pituitary gland (hypophysis)
- a ventral protrusion of the brain, controls other endocrine glands. Has two parts, anterior and posterior pituitaries.
- anterior pituitary
- synthesizes the hormones it excretes and secretes hormones that act directly on tissues to produce their effects.
- posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)
- an outgrowth of nervous tissue from the hypothalmus in the brain. two hormomes are secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. anitdiuretic hormone and oxticyn.
- antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or Vassopressin
- acts to improve water uptake in the renal collecting duct by increasing its permeability to water.
- oxytocyn
- stimulates milk production and is important in stimulating contractions in the uterus during labor.
- Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
- stimulates thyroid gland growth and secretion
- adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- stimulates adrenal glands to produce various hormones
- follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
- involved in the development and function of the reproductive glands
- luteinizing hormone (LH)
- involved in the development and function of the reproductive glands
- growth hormone (GH)
- helps person or animal develop maturely
- prolactin
- stimulates development and secretion of the mammary glands
- melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
- stimulates production of melanin by special cells called melanocytes in the skin.
- thyroid glands
- two small glands in the neck that secrete thyroid hormone and calcitonin
- calcitonin
- helps regulate blood calcium levels
- thyroid hormone
- controls cell metabolism and stimulates nervous tissue growth, production of proteins and blood glucose levels.
- thyroxin
- molecule known as T4 contains four iodine molecules
- triiodothyronine
- T3 incorporates three iodine molecules
- parathyroid glands
- pair of very small glands that secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH) or parathormone
- parathormone
- causes blood calcium level to rise.
- adrenal gland
- small oval shaped flattened gland. has two sections, adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla.
- adrenal cortex
- the outer layer of tissue in the adrenal gland and secretes mineralocorticoids, aldosterone, glucorticoids, androgen and estrogen.
- adrenal medulla
- the inner core of tissue in the adrenal gland which secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
- islets of langerhans
- clumps of cells scattered among the exocrine pancreatic cells.
- insulin
- enables cells especially liver muscle and fat cells to take glucose from the blood to be used to generate energy for cellular functions.
- glucagon
- opposes many effects of insulin by decreasing uptake of glucose by cells.
- somatostatin
- hormone secreted by the pancreas that inhibits the secretion of insulin and glucagon.
- hyperglycemia
- lack of insulin leading to excessive glucose levels in the blood
- diabetes mellitus
- deficiency of insulin secretion.
- androgens
- group of hormones involved with the development of male secondary sex charactaristics.
- estrogens
- function to prepare the female for breeding.
- Progestin (progesterone)
- involved in preparing the uterus for pregnancy.
- prostaglandins
- hormone like compounds that are organized into nine groups letters A-I. and act within the area they are produced.
- erythropoietin
- produced by the cells in the kidneys and released in response to tissue hypoxia and stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells.
- gastrin
- produced by stomach cells and stimulates the production of digestive enzymes in the stomach.
- secretin
- produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gall bladder contraction and release of other digestive enzymes.
- cholecystokinin (CCK)
- produced by the small intestine and stimulates the gall bladder contraction and release of other digestive enzymes.
- placenta
- encloses the fetus during pregnancy and forms the interface between the fetal and maternal circulations.
- chorionic gonadotrophin
- funcions in maintenance of pregnancy and is secreted by the placenta.
- thymus gland
- secretes hormones thyomosin and thymopoitin which act to stimulate development of T-lymphocytes and strengthen the immune system.
- pineal body
- secretes melatonin.
- melatonin
- appears to play a role in regulation of sleep and wakefullness. may be related to amount of sunlight in the environment.