AP2, Chap 21, Blood Vessels & Circulation
Terms
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- The walls of arteries and veins contain three distinct layers; name them
-
the tunica intima,
tunica media,
and tunica externa - The walls of arteries are ___ than those of veins.
- thicker
- The ___ ___ of an artery contains more smooth muscle and elastic fibers than does that of a vein.
- tunica media
- ___ are the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding fluids.
- Capillaries
- Most of the body's blood supply to various regions is supplied by ___ ___.
- continuous capillaries
- In a continuous capillary, the ___ is a complete lining.
- endothelium
- Capillaries that contain "windows," or pores, that span the endothelial lining are called ...
- Fenestrated Capillaries (Have Incomplete lining)
- The entrance to each capillary is guarded by a band of smooth muscle called a ___ ___.
- precapillary sphincter
- How does the precapillary sphincter's contraction of the smooth muscle cells effect a vessel
- It reduces the flow of blood. It constricts and narrows the diameter of the capillary entrance.
- What regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries?
- precapillary sphincter
- Review: Capillary Bed blood flow:
- 1-collateral arteries, 2-arteriole, 3-metarteriole, 4-arteriovenous anastomosis, 5-capillaries, 6-small veinule, 7-vein
- Do valves in the venous circulatory system allow blood flow in both directions?
- No
- As blood travels from a larger diameter vessel into a smaller diameter vessel, resistance will ___.
-
increase
Example: Aorta to a capillary - Review: Order of vessels from the heart(1 through 7)
- 1-elastic arteries, 2-muscular arteries, 3-arterioles, 4-capillaries, 5-venules, 6-veins, vena cava
- A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat
- Pulse
- Term for the difference between systolic and diastolic pressures
- Pulse pressure
- Hormone released in response to a fall in blood pressure
- Angiotensin II
- In response to a drop in BP; renin converts ___, a plasma protein produced by the LIVER, to ____.
-
angiotensinogen,
angiotensin I - In response to a drop in BP;____ modifies angiotensin I to angiotensin II.
- angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
- Where does ACE modify angiotensin I to angiotensin II (an active hormone with diverse effects)?
- In the capillaries of the lungs
-
Light exercise results in:
Extensive vaso (dilation or constriction) &
(increased or decreased) venous return? -
vasodilation,
increased - an increased breathing rate pulls blood into the vena cava via the ___ ___
- respiratory pump
- What squeezes blood along the peripheral veins
- skeletal muscle contractions
- the ___ ___ gives rise to the left and right pulmonary arteries
- pulmonary trunk
- These large arteries enter the lungs before branching repeatedly, giving rise to smaller and smaller arteries.
- pulmonary arteries
- These four veins, two from each lung, empty into the left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit.
- Pulmonary veins
- What are the three major branches that arise before a subclavian artery leaves the thoracic cavity:
-
1- internal thoracic artery
2- vertebral artery
3- the thyrocervical trunk - What branches from the subclavian artery to provide blood to muscles and other tissues of the neck, shoulder, and upper back?
- The thyrocervical trunk
- What branches from the subclavian artery to provide blood to the brain and spinal cord
- The vertebral artery
- What subclavian artery supplys the pericardium and anterior wall of the chest
- The internal thoracic artery
- Branches of the aortic arch includes the ___ ___ artery (only one not in the right side)
- left subclavian
- After leaving the thoracic cavity & crossing the first rib, the subclavian artery is called the ___ artery
- axillary
- Distally, the axillary artery becomes the ___ artery, which supplies blood to the rest of the upper limb.
- brachial
- What Artery supplies deep structures on the posterior aspect of the arm?
- The deep brachial artery
- What artery supplies the area around the elbow?
- The ulnar collateral arteries
- What artery gives rise to the radial & ulnar arteries?
- The brachial artery
- What artery follows the radius?
- The radial artery
- What artery follows the ulna to the wrist?
- The ulnar artery
- Review: Arterial division of upper limb
- axillary, brachial, deep brachial, radial, ulnar
-
The vertebral arteries
enter the cranium at the ___ ___. - foramen magnum
- Vertebral arteries fuse along the ventral surface of the ___ ___ to form the basilar artery
- medulla oblongata
- What two arteries form the cerebral arterial circle, or circle of Willis?
-
internal carotid arteries &
the basilar artery - What vessels supply the infundibulum of the pituitary gland?
- cerebral arterial circle, or circle of Willis
- What divides the aorta into a superior thoracic aorta and an inferior abdominal aorta?
- The diaphragm
- At what level does the abdominal aorta split into two major arteries?
- vertebra L4
-
The Abdominal Aorta
splits into two major arteries, the left and right ___ ___ arteries - common iliac
- Atreries that supply deep pelvic structures and the lower limbs.
- left and right common iliac arteries
- Each external iliac artery crosses the surface of an ___ muscle and penetrates the abdominal wall.
- iliopsoas
- Each external iliac artery penetrates the abdomin midway between the ____ & the ___ ___on that side.
- anterior superior iliac spine & pubic symphysis
- The ___ ___ ___emerges on the anterior, medial surface of the thigh as the femoral artery.
- external iliac artery
- What artery arises roughly 5 cm distal to the emergence of the femoral artery.
- deep femoral
- Review: Lower Limb Arteries
- common iliac,int.iliac,ext. iliac,(pub.sym)femoral,deep femoral,popliteal,post/ant.. tibial,fibular(peroneal)
- Posterior to the knee joint, the femoral artery becomes the ___ artery
- popliteal (pop-LIT-e-al)
- the popliteal artery branches to form the ___ & ___ arteries
- posterior and anterior tibial
- What gives rise to the fibular artery, or peroneal artery?
- The posterior tibial artery
- What is another name for the peroneal artery?
- fibular
- Receives blood from the tissues and organs of the head, neck, chest, shoulders, and upper limbs.
- The Superior Vena Cava
- The superficial cerebral veins and small veins of the brain stem empty into a network of ___ ___
- dural sinuses.
- The superficial arch empties into the ___ ___ & ___
- cephalic vein; the median antebrachial vein; and the basilic vein
- Which vein ascends along the radial side of the forearm?
- the cephalic vein
- Which veins ascend on the ulnar side? (2)
- the median antebrachial vein and the basilic vein
- The deep palmar veins drain into the ___ vein and the ___ vein.
- radial, ulnar
- The radial and ulnar veins fuse to form the ___ vein, running parallel to the brachial artery.
- brachial
- The dorsal venous arch is drained by what two superficial veins?
-
The great saphenous vein and
The small saphenous vein - Where does the popliteal vein becomes the femoral vein?
- At the femur
- Which vein ascends along the thigh, next to the femoral artery?
- The femoral vein
- Age-related changes in blood vessels may be linked to ____.
- arteriosclerosis
- Inelastic walls of arteries become less tolerant of sudden pressure increases, which can lead to an ___.
- aneurysm
- What are three possible complications of a ruptured aneurysm?
- a stroke, myocardial infarction, or massive blood loss