Lab H & I
Terms
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- Annelids evolved when and during what period
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570 mya
Cambrian period - Annelids evolved from what
- Acoelomate Flatworm
- Coelom evolved from what
- Gonads
- Polychaeta are
- Clamworms
- Oligochaeta are
- Earthworms
- Hirudinea are
- Leeches
- Membrane inside annelida
- Septa
- Skin of annelida
- Cutuicle; tough skin
- Annelida: Nervous system
-
Brain (couple of big ganglia)
Two ventral nerve cords
Pair of ganglia in each segment - Ganglia
- Clumps of nervous tissue
- Prostomium
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First fleshy lobe of the head lying in front of the mouth
Has sensory organs - Clamworm: Digestive system
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Pharynx
Esophagus
Esophageal Caecum (secretes enzymes and inc surface area for digestion)
Stomach/Intestine (Digestion and absorption)
Rectum - Clamworm: Circulatory System
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Dorsal Blood Vessel (Blood flows anteriorly, above dig. tract)
Ventral Blood Vessel (Blood flows posteriorly, below dig. tract)
Lateral Vessels (Connect dorsal and ventral vessels) - Clamworm: Nervous System
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Dorsal Ganglion (Bilobed structure that coordinates nervous fxn; in prostomium; the brain)
Ventral Nerve Cord (Carries nerve impulses back and forth from the brain through the length of the worm -
Clamworm: Excretory System
Location?
Clamworm: Reproductive System -
Nephridia
Located in each segment
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Gonochoristic (both male/female)
Reproduce sexually
Breeding occurs when gametes released into water - Sci. name for earthworm
- Lumbricus terrestris
- Clitellum
- Swollen glandular area that secretes slimy material to form cover for eggs (earthworm)
- Earthworm: Digestive System
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Pharynx
Esophagus
Crop (storage chamber)
Gizzard (Grinds food)
Intestine (Digestion and absorption)
Rectum - Earthworm: Gas Exchange
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No special gills or lungs
Diffusion mainly -
Earthworm: Excretory
What are principle extretory products -
Nephridia
Ammonia and urea - Earthworm: Nervous System
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Suprapharyngeal ganglion (Mass of nerve cells above the pharynx and connected by nerve chords and subpharygal ganglion
Ventral Nerve Cord (transmits nerve impulses to and from the brain; beneath digestive tract)
Segmental ganglia (Small masses of nerve cells in each segment which coordinate activities in each segment) - List six characterisitics of the Phylum Annelida.
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Metamerism
Hydrostatic skeleton of coelomic fluid
Cuticle
Straight digestive tract
Closed circulatory system
Segmented nervous system - Describe the external features of the Clamworm
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Prostomium
Eyes
Antennae - touch and taste
Mouth - under prostomium
Parapodia - gas exchange
Chaetae - bristles on parapodia, locomotion
Anus
Cuticle - skin
Somites - body segments
Cirri - organs of touch near anus - What serves as gills in polychaeta?
- Parapodia
- What is the difference between the nerve cords in vertebrates and invertebrates?
-
Invertebrates have ventral nerve cords
Vertebrates have dorsal nerve cords - What do oligochaeta do for the soil that is important?
- Aerate the soil and break down organic matter.
- What kind of feeders are polychaetes
- Scavengers
- Earthworm: External Features
-
Prostomium
Mouth
Chaete
Clitellum - Swollen glandular area that secretes a slimy material to form a cover for the eggs during reproduction
Anus - Earthworm: Circulatory System
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Dorsal Blood Vessel - Major vessel; carries blood anteriorly
Ventral Blood Vessel - Blood posteriorly
Lateral Vessels - Supply each segment with blood; connect dorsal and ventral vessels
Pseudohearst - 5 pairs of lateral blood vessels specialized to pump the blood - Earthworm: Reproductive System
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Hermaphroditic
Two pairs of testes
One pair of ovaries
Sperm and eggs released via genital pores
Two worms fertilize each other via semila vesicles; produce mucus sheath around eggs -
What were the first animals specialized for land?
When? -
Arthropods!
400 MYA -
Arthropods eveloved from what Class?
What simliaries do they show? -
Polychaetes
--
Metamerism
Placement of appendages
Basic plan of nervous system - First land arthropods were early relatives of what ?
- Scorpions
- What are 7 general characterisitcis of Arthropoda?
-
Jointed appendages
Metamerism
Regional specialization
Chitinous exoskeleton
Open circulatory system
Segmented nervous system
Sexual Dimorphism - What do crayfish eat?
- Small freshwater organisms
- What are the sections of the crayfish called?
- Cephalothorax and Abdomen
- Crayfish: External Structures
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Carapace - hard shell covering exterior of cephalothorax
Cervical groove - separates dorsal and ventral srufaces
Telson - central flap on tail
Uropods - side flaps on tail
Antennae - sensory organs for taste and touch (big)
Antennules - smaller sensory organs for taste and touch
Rostrum
Eyes - compound
Opening of green glands - pores through which urine is excreted
Mouth
Mandibles - sturdy jaws surrounding mouth
Maxillae - small, feathery appendages that manipulate food, cover mandibles
Maxillipeds - large appendages that manipulate food
Chilipeds - claws for feeding and fighting
Walking Legs - 4 legs for locomotion
Swimmerets - 5 appendages aid in respiration and reproduction
Anal opening - - Crayfish: Digestive System
-
Esophagus
Cardiac Stomach - grind food, has calcified teeth
Pyloric stomach - digestion
Intestine - absorption
Digestive gland - secretes enzymes and abosrbs food (takes up majority of body cavity) - Crayfish: Gas Exchange
- Gills
- Crayfish: Circulatory System
- Heart - pumps blood; dorsally in cephalothorax
- Crayfish: Musculoskeletal System
-
Mandibular Muscle - Controls mandible
Carapace - Crayfish: Excretory System
- Green glands - secrete urine as ammonia
- Crayfish: Nervous System
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Supraesophagel Ganglion - "brain"
Subesophageal Ganglion - Coordinating center for mouth, esophagus, green glands, and anterior muscles
Ventral Nerve Cord - Transmits posteriorly
Segmental Ganglia - each segment, transmit nerve impulses from nerve cord - Crayfish: Reproductive System
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Gonochoristic
Gonads - produce gametes, anterior and slightly below heart - Grasshopper: External Features (Head)
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Antennae - sensory for taste, smell, touch
Compound Eyes
Ocelli - 3 simple eyes
Mandibles - jaws on lateral side of head
Mouth
Clypeus - protective structure over mouth
Labrum - upper lip hinged to clypeus for eating
Maxillae - Manipulate food
Sensory palps - feel and taste food - Grasshopper: External Features (thorax and abdomen)
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Walking legs - 6
Wings - 2 pair
Spiracles - gas exchange
Tympanum - Ear drum (1st segment of Abdomen)
Ovipostor - lay eggs (males don't have) - Grasshopper: Digestive System
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Esophagus
Crop (store)
Stomach - digestion
Gastric Caeca - 6 double finger-shaped pouches connecting to gut after crop; secretes digestive enzymes and absorbs food
Intestine - absorption
Rectum
Anus - Grasshopper: Gas Exchange System
-
Through tracheae
Air enters through spiracles and passes through the tracheas directly to body cells
Blood does not carry CO2 or O2 - Grasshopper: Excretory System
-
Main waste is uric acid; removed by:
Malpighian Tubules - remove waste from body fluids and empty into digestive tract - Grasshopper: Circulatory System
-
Heart - tubular organ for pumping blood posterior to anterior
Perivisceral Sinus - space around organs where colorless blood bathes tissues; blood is sucked back into heart through ostia - Grasshopper: Nervous System
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Supraesophageal ganglia - "brain", to eyes, antennae, and head
Subesophageal ganglia - to mouth
Ventral nerve cord - extends form above ganglia
Segmental Ganglia - Grasshopper: Reproductive system Female
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Ovary - egg producing
Oviduct - carry eggs from ovary to vagina
Spermatheca (Seminal vesicle) - sac attached to vagina which recieves sperm and stores
Vagina - Chamber accepts penis
Ovipositor - lay eggs - Grasshopper: Reproductive system Male
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Testes - sperm producing, above intestine
Vas deferens - carry sperm from testes to seminal vesicle
Seminal vesicle - store sperm
Ejaculatory duct - Tube from seminal vesicles and carrying sperm to penis
Penis - reproductive organ - Trilobites common during what era?
- Cambrian and ordovician
- State fossil of NYS
- Eurypterus remipes
- Why are mollusks important to neurophysiology?
- Discovery of magnetic sense in a smail with giant neurons has provided clues about the cellular mechanisms underlying magnetic field detection
- Mollusks share a common ancestor with what?
- Polychaete annelids
- Mollusca: General Characteristics
-
Shell - made of calcium carbonate; provides protection from predators
Soft-bodied (boneless)
Four bodily divisions
-Head
-Mantle
-Visceral Mass
-Foot - Mollusk shell recycled how
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Shelter
Limestone - What are the body divisions of Insecta in order
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Head
Thorax
Abdomen - Describe the Four bodily divisions of Mollusca
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Head - brain, sense organs
Mantle - lining of the body wall; covers organs; produces calcium carbonate of shell
Visceral Mass (digestive, excretory, circulatory, reproductive organs)
Foot - muscular, locomotion; important for classification of mollusks into different classes - Describe the Visceral Mass in detail
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Digestive - complete, ciliated cells
Circulatory - chambered heart has ventricle(pump blood out of heart) and one or two atria(recieve blood); open except cephalopods
Reproduction - Gonochoristic
Respiration - Aquatic(gills) & Land (lungs)
Nervous system - ganglia in head food and visceral mass - Simplest Mollusks?
- Chitons
- Chiton: External Features
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Shell - Calcium carbonate w/ 8 plates(valves); Cephalic(1st) Anal(last) plates
Head - ventral mouth surrounded by labial palp; houses radula; no eyes
Mantle - fleshy skin secretes shell
Girdle - heavy mantle tissue surrounding eight plates
Gills - in pallial groove between mantle and foot; diffuse cases; capture food particles
Foot - entire lower surface - Chiton: Digestive
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Mouth
Radula - tongue scape algae off rocks
Esophagus - mouth to stomach
Stomach - digestion
Digestive gland - "liver", adds enzymes
Intestine - digestion, absorption; posterior intestine undigested waste mixed w/ musucs into fecal pellets
Anus - Chiton: Excretory
- Kidneys (Nephridia) - 2 near heart
-
Chiton: Circulatory
Chiton: Gas Exchange -
Heart - 2 auricles, pass into ventricle
--
Water drawn into pallial groove
Gills - feathery structures dangle into water from pallial groove - Chiton: Nervous System
-
Primitive
4 ventral nerve cords
Sense organs - no eyes or tentacles
Mantle is sensitive to touch chemicals and light - Chiton: Reproductive system
- Gonad - single large gonad, release into water
- What are the second largest group of mollusks?
- Pelecypoda
-
Pelecypoda have how many shells?
Therefore they are called what? - 2 shells; bivalves
-
What kind of feeders are Pelecypoda?
They lack what? -
Filter-feeders
Lack a radula - Sedentary Pelecypods cling via what...
- Byssal threads
- Clam: External Features
-
Shell - 2 halves (valves); three layers (tough outer layer, middle layer of ca co3, inner layer of nacre or mother-of-pearl(calcium oxide)
Hinge - unite valves
Umbo - dome elevation, oldest part
Growth rings - represent period of rapid growth - Clam: General Internal
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Head - poorly developed; lacks distinct eyes or tentacles
Mantle - fleshy skin inside shell; secrete Ca CO3; bilobed
Adductor muscles - control opening and closing - Clam: Digestive
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Mouth - just behind anterior adductor muslce and between two labial palps
Labial palps - soft fleshy flaps that bring food into mouth
Esophagus - lead from mouth to stomach
Stomach - Enzymes released
Liver - 2 digest. glands into stomach; secrete enzymes and absorb food
Intestine - secrete enzymes and absorb food
Rectum - fecal pellets formed
Anus - Clam: Excretory
- Kidney - 2 tublular kidneys; filter fluids form around heart and excrete urine
- Clam: Gas Exchange
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Incurrent siphon - ventral surface; water enters
Excurrent siphon - dorsal surface, water leaves
Gills - 2 feather respiratory structures, covered w/ ciliated cells - Clam: Circulatory
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Open
Heart - 2 auricles & 1 ventricle. Auricle recieve lood form gill and mantle -> ventricle -> body
Ventricle folded around rectum - Clam: Nervous System and Sense Organs
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Sense Organs - light sensitive cells along mantle and siphon, touch and tatse receptors, balance orgnas (statocysts)
Three pair of ganglia - Clam: Reproductive
- Gonads - 2 in each clam(M or F)
- What are statocysts?
- Balance organs in Mollusks
- Largest class of Mollusca are?
- Gastropoda
- Snail shell..
- Calcareous
- Snail: External
-
Shell - Ca CO3; twisting of the body and shell is called torsion
Foot - attached to head, mucous glands to assist in locomotion
Tentacles - 2 pairs (touch, taste, olfactory)
Eyes - tip of tentacles - Snail: Internal General
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Mantle - External coiled shell
Visceral Mass - Containing internal organs - Snail: Digestive
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Mouth - food moved by cilia
Pharynx - Dorsal horny "jaw" and ventral radula
Radula - tounge used to scrape food off rocks
Esophagus
Crop - chamber
Stomach - digestion
Liver - High in the shell; digest juicees and absorb food
Intestine - dig. and absorption
Anus - Snail: Excretory
- Kidney - "nephridium"; apex of shell; surrounds heart and drains fluid from pericardial cavity
- Snail: Respiratory
- Lung - Chamber formed by mantle cavity; ventilation when walls of mantle expand and contract; air leaves via pneumostome
- Snail: Nervous and sense organs
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pairs of ganglia
Eyes - cornea and lense (rhabdomeric eye)
Tentacles - touch, taste, olfactory, statocysts - Snail: Reproductive
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Hermaphrodites
Ovotestes - produce eggs and sperm, apex
Albumen gland - nourishment for eggs
Oviduct - carries eggs to vagina
Vas deferns - parallel to oviduct; sperm passes to penis
Dart sac - secretes calcium spicules; creats darts which help in stimulation - Squid feeding
- Predaceous; eaten by sperm whale
- Importance of Squid...
- Largest nerve fibers, used to develop safer anesthetics and drugs for neruological disorders
- Jet Propulsion
- Pumps sea water into mantle which becomes inflated. then mantle contracts and water is ejected through sipon which can be swiveled to change direction.
- Squid: External
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Mantle: skin, highly muscularized
Chromatophores: Dark spots, pigment cells, allow squid to change color instantly(used predator/prey, courtship, and agression)
Head: Jaws, beak and radula
Eye: Example of convergent evolution, camera-like lens
Siphon: Extension of mantle cavity
Foot: "head footed", head is by teh foot. Foot is circle of 8 arms and 2 tentacles w/ suckers
Fins: Used for swimming - Squid: General Internal
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Pen: translucent, flexible, blade of supporting tissue along back of the squid; composed of chitin; vestigal
Ink sac: above rectum; smoke screen to confuse predators - Squid: Digestive
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Mouth: Sharp jaws, beak, radula
Esophagus
Stomach: preliminary digestion
Caecum: Food absorption, digestive side chamber
Liver: Multi-chambered organ produce digestive enzymes
Intestine: Elimination of wastes
Anus - Squid: Excretory
- Kidney: Nephridium, drains fluids form pericardial chamber and forms urine
- Squid: Circulatory
-
Closed unlike other mollusks
Heart: Contractile organ pumping blood; 2 atria drain blood form gills and pass to ventricle
Gill Hearts: 2 acessory hearts just b4 2 glls - Squid: Respiratory
- Gills (Ctenidia): 2 feather gills
- Squid: Nervous and Sense
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Nervous system most complex of all invertebrates
Brain: Encircle esophagus - Squid: Reproductive
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Gonad: One organ in posterior of body
Male: sac like testes pass sperm via vas deferens, this joins seminal vesicle where sperm are rolled into a mass called spermatophore
Females: single sac-like ovary in posterior of body; oviduct carries eggs to mantle where they appear in strings and are fertilized