Biology Vocabulary-Genetics and Meiosis
Terms
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- The passing of characteristics from parents to offspring.
- Heredity
- The branch of biology that studies heredity.
- Genetics
- Characteristics that are inherited.
- Traits
- Sex Cells
- Gametes
- Male gametes in plants are located here.
- Pollen grain
- Female gametes are located here.
- Ovule
- The uniting of male and female gametes.
- Fertilization
- Male gametes in animals.
- Sperm cell
- Female gametes in animals.
- Egg cell
- The transfer of male pollen grains to the female organ of the flower.
- Pollination
- Different Gene forms.
- alleles
- The way an organism looks. EX:Tall
- Phenotype
- The gene combination. EX: TT, Tt, tt.
- Genotype
- The two different terms that mean same gene combinations.
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Homozygous
&
true-breeding - The two different terms that mean different gene combinations.
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Heterozygous
&
Hybrid - Trait that is seen when a dominant gene is paried with a recessive gene.
- Dominant
- Trait that is not seen when a dominant gene is paired with a recessive gene.
- Recessive
- trait that can be seen only when two recessive genes are paired together.
- Recessive
- In the statement: Two alleles or gene forms, one from the male and one from the female, are needed for traits to be expressed. What do we mean by EXPRESSED?
- Visible;Seen
- The letter notation to represent the original parent in a cross.
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P1
(subscript 1) - The letter notations to represent the first generation offspring (son or daughter) and the second generation offspring (son or daughter).
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F1 (First Generation)
&
F2 (Second Generation)
(subscript 1 and 2) - A two factor cross which involves two traits.
- Dihybrid
- Law that states that the two alleles for each trait must separate when sex cells are formed.
- Law of segregation
- Law that states that different traits are inherited independently of each other.
- Law of Independent Assortment
- Type of math used to predict the likelihood of occurances.
- Probability
- Inheritance patter in which both alleles contribute to the phenotype of the offspring, which produces an offspring phenotype that is somewhere inbetween the two homologous parents phenotypes.
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Incomplete Dominance
EX:
Red Rose x White Rose =Pink Rose - Inheritance patter in which both alleles for the trait are equally dominant and are both expressed in the offspring.
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Codominance
EX:Color of Chicken Feather. - Inheritance pattern where the individual only inherits two alleles but there are 3 or more possible alleles in the whole population.
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Multiple alleles.
EX:Human Blood Type
&
Color of Rabbit Fur - Inheritance pattern where phenotypes are the result of the interaction of several genes often on different chromosomes.
- Polygenic Traits
- Pair of chromosomes--one from the father and one from the mother.
- Homologous
- Cell that has 2 complete sets of chromosomes--one from each parent that have two complete sets of genes. EX:Any body cell (not sex cells)
- Diploid
- Cell that has one set of chromosomes (one set of genes) which is half of amount that a normal body cell for that type of individual.
- Haploid
- Tightly coiled microscopic structures made mostly of DNA that appear banded because they consist of sections of DNA (Genes) that code for the production of proteins and therefore determine a trait. Each ot these consists of millions of bases.
- Chromosomes
- A process of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in a cell by going through two cell divisions to take one diploid cell and produce four haploid cells.
- Meiosis
- The exchange of chromosome parts (genes) between two homologous chromosomes as the touch eacother when the sister chromatids form a tetrad during prophase I.
- Crossing-Over
- A listing of the known genes on a chromosome that are named after the problem that the abnormal alleles cause.
- Gene Map