Digestive Focus
Terms
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- Primary Organs
-
mouth stomach
pharynx esophagus
small and large intestine - accessory organs
-
teeth liver
salivary glands gallbladder
tongue
pancreas - 3 salivary glands
- partoid, sub-mandibular, and sublingual
- digestion of fats begin where
- Liver makes bile, gallbladder holds bile until it is needed to break down fats.
- Panccreas does what?
- produces pancreatic juice that breaks down proteins carbs and fats.
- Thrush ~~ candida albicans
- teach pt to use soft bristled toothbrush, use meticulous handwashing, eat soft/pureed foods. Avoid hot, cold, spicy, fried, or citrus foods.Meds given are Nystatin, or ketoconazole.
- Oral cancers
- Leukoplakia : white firmly attached patch on mouth or tongue, it is benign but should get checked if lasts longer than 2-3 weeks.
- Dysphagia
- difficulty swallowing b/c of trauma, infection, inflamation,or blockage of the posterior cavity, pharynx or esophagus.
- Dysphasia
- imairment of speech and verbal comprehension, expecially when associated w/ brain injury.
- esophagus cancer
- diagnosed at late stages, no known cause, S/S progressive dysphagia, painful swallowing, wt. loss, NG tube after surgery, high protein and calorie diet.
- Chyme
- Formed when the muscles of the stomach contract and help mix the food. Gastric juices break down protein, a thick mucous is made.
- Small intesine (what is the passage order)
- duodenum, jejunum and ileum.
- What does the illeocecal valve do?
- allows passage from small to large intestine.
- Functions of the large intestine?
- absorbing water & remaining nurtients,formes feces and expells feces.
- Celiac disease
- Hallmark signs: foul smelling frothy stools containing fat (streatorrhea).Foods that must be restricted are ones that contain wheat, oats, rye and barley.
- Celiac disease (untreated)
- the child will have poor growth, osteoporosis, osteomalacia, anema, & poor blood clotting.
- Chrones disease
- food restriction are broccoli, cauliflower, asparagus, cabbage, brussell sprouts, ^ fat foods, cafeine.
- Chrones what do you eat
- Eat elemental diet b/c there is less to break downand has little stool bulk.
- Paralytic Ileus
- absence of bowel sounds. insert NG tube, keep pt. NPO & increase activity to increase peristalis.
- Salmonallea Infection
- S/S gastroenteritis, fever, & diarrhea. Meds are ampicillin, amoxicillin, ciprofloxacin.
- cleft lip and palate
- Lip does not join together under nose. Palate : the top of the mouth does not join.
- Tx. For Appendicitis
- Surgical removal, IV's and antibiotics, ice pack to the abdomen.
- peritonitis
- inflammation or infection of the inside of the abdominal caivty.inflammation of the perineum, it is caused when fecal matter leaves the bowel and enters the sterile cavity.
- Diverticulitis
- colon weakness and allows the inner layersto herniate through causing pouches along the outside of the colon to be filled w/ fecal materialthat then causes inflammation and abscesses.
- hemorrhoids
- Diet: bulk forming foods such as fresh fruit, veggies, & bran cereals 8-10 glasses of fluid a day, moderate excercise.
- colon tumor
- S/S rectal bleeding, abdominal pain, nausea, cachexia (weakness & emaciation associated w/ general illness.
- paralytic ileus (nursing care)
- decompression of the bowelwith an NG tube, NPO, icreased activity. *necrosis of stoma will appear pale and dusky to black.
- Anal Fistula
- a Linear ulceration or laceration of the skin of the anus, abnormal opening on the cutaneous surface near the anus. *common in crohn's disease*
- Esophageal Atresia
- The esophagus fails to form normally, ends in a blind pouch, a gastrostomy is created. Infant sucks on pacifier to retain sucking reflex.
- Pyloric Stenosis
- narrowing or stricture of the pylorus. Projectile vomiting after feeding.
- Cirrhosis of the liver
- results in portal hypertension, or increased pressure in the veins that drain the GI tract. GI organs and spleen become congested, cant function properly.
- What can the sick liver NOT absorb?
- Vit. K
- Esophageal varices
- Tortuous, distended vessels of the esophagus, may rupture & bleed.
- S/S of Esophageal varices
- Hematemisis, hemorrhage from Gi, black tarry stools, pain and shock.
- Tx. of Esophageal varices
- Blood transfusion, Iced saline lavage, meds vasopressin, antibiotics, analgesics, Surgeries.
- Hepatitis A
- inflammation of the liver from a virus or exposure to toxic substances.
- Hepatitis A S/S
- diarrhea, pruritis, nausea, constipation, wt. loss, liver tenderness, aching muscles, enlarged lymph nodes & jaundice.
- Cholelithiasis
- Has to do w/ gallstones. they are not a problem if they remain small.
- Cholecystectomy
- Removal of the GB. Pt. will have a JP drain to prevent fluid build up under the diaphragm.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Type of brain damage caused by liver disease & consequent ammonia intoxixation. Result of a damaged liver being unable to metabolize substances that can be toxic to the brain such as ammonia.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy (diet)
- Very low protein to no protein diet. Allowed foods: toast, cereal, rice, tea, fruit juice, and hard candies.
- Hepatic Encephalopathy (medications)
- Lactulose or Neomycin.
- GERD
- Cardiac sphincter is too relaxed & allows food and gastric acid to splash into the lower esophagus.
- GERD (S/S)
- heartburn, pain may involve the neck,jaw, or back, dysphagia, regurgitation w/out nausea.
- GERD (Tests & medical management)
-
Barium swallow, endoscopy, 24-hour ph monitoring.
Avoid smoking, wt.loss (if needed) antacids, proton pump inhibitors, give prilosec, prevacid or reglan. - Azulfadine (Sulfaxalizine)
- Decreaseinflammation in GI tract, give w/ food & large amounts of water, avoid exposure to sunlight, Tx. ulcerative colitis, chrohn's disease.
- NSAIDS
- Anti-inflammatory & pain medications.
- Lomotil
- Antidiarrheal, decreased GI motility w/ subsequent decrease in diarrhea. Tx. Ulcerative colitis
- Carafate (Sucralfate)
- Forms protective coating over ulcer, seperate administration of this med from other meds by two hours.
- Oral Cancer (early Stages)
- difficulty chewing, swallowing, speaking, numbness or swelling in mouth, constant pain in ear, face, or tooth.
- Diet for Diverticulitis
- Low residue
- Pernicious Anemia (S/S)
- S/S extreme weakness, dyspnea, fever, hypoxia, wt. loss, jaundice, contipation and diarrhea.
- Pernicious Anemia (Diet)
- diet ^ in protein, vitamins and minerals.