BRS: Inflammation
Terms
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- selectins
-
- expressed on leukocytes and endothelium to mediate rolling
- induced by IL-1 and TNF -
ICAM-1 and 2
VCAM-1 and 2 -
- immunoglobulin family adhesion proteins and vascular cell adhesion proteins
- expressed on endothelial cells to bind to integrins - integrins
- - expressed on leukocytes to bind to ICAMs and VCAMs
- PECAM-1
- - platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule on leukocyte and endothelium to mediate transmigration across endothelium
- what are the chemotactic factors for neutrophils at the site of injury?
-
- bacterial products
- C5a complement
- arachidonic acid metabolites (LTB4, HETE, kallikrein) - what are the most important opsonins?
- - IgG and C3b
- myeloperoxidase
- leukocyte enzyme involved in microbial killing with halides
- from what cells are histamines released?
- basophils, mast cells and platelets
- platelet TxA2
-
- made in the COX pathway
- potent vasoconstrictor and platelet aggregant
- reciprocal of PGI2 - endothelial PGI2
-
- made in the COX pathway
- potent vasodilator and inhibitor of platelet aggregation
- reciprocal of TxA2 - what are the products of the lipoxygenase pathway?
-
HPETE and its derivatives:
- 5-HPETE -> HETE, a neutrophil chemotactic factor
- 5-HPETE -> leukotrienes, which are chemotactic factors, vasoconstrictors, bronchoconstrictors and mediators of increased capillary permeability - what is another name for leukotrienes?
- slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis
- how is histamine released from mast cells and basophils?
-
- binding of antigen to IgE bound to membrane of mast cell or basophil
- binding of anaphylatoxins, C3a and C5a, to receptors on mast cells and basophils
- heat or cold
- IL-1
- other factors from neutrophils, monocytes and platelets - how is histamine release from platelets?
- - by platelet aggregation and release reaction
- PAF
- - platelet activating factor, which activates and aggregates platelets with the release of histamine and serotonin
- IL-1 and TNF
-
- secreted by monocyte-macrophages and other cells
- induce acute phase responses:
1. systemic effects of inflammation, fever and leukocytosis
2. hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins, C-reactive protein, complement, fibrinogen etc.
3. synthesis of adhesion molecules
4. neutrophil degranulation
5. promote thrombosis - kinin system
-
- triggered by Hageman factor XIIa, resulting in the production of bradykinin
- bradykinin mediates vascular permeability, arteriolar dilation, and pain - C3b
- opsonin
- PDGF
-
- platelet derived growth factor
- promotes migration of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells
- chemotactic for monocytes - EGF
- - epidermal growth factor, promotes growth of endothelial cells and fibroblasts and epithelial cells
- FGF
-
- fibroblast growth factor, promotes synthesis of extracellular matrix protein by fibroblasts
- includes production of fibronectin, which is chemotactic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells - TGF-alpha
- - transforming growth factor, functions similar to EGF
- TGF-beta
-
"BETA Blocks growth"
- transforming growth factor beta, growth inhibitor for many cells and may help modulate the repair process - what is granulation tissue?
- highly vascular, newly formed connective tissue made of capillaries and fibroblasts; very different from granulomatous inflammation