History First Semester Exam Review
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- What are the Hamas?
- the hamas are created as a result of the Oslo accords. they are an arab organization of Palestinians. Rabin is killed by a jew (his own peopl)
- When does the split of the Sunni Shia hapen
- After Mohammed dies and the caliph must be chosen
- Name three reasons the Ottoman Empire Fell
- 1 jannisaries gain power sultans lose power 2. trade declines 3. higher taxes lead to poverty, dissent among people
- Medina
- Now known as Yathrib it was the place of the first mosque and mohammed increased his followers and they return back to mecca
- Moses
- Recieves the 10 commandments at mount sinai. Pharoahs daughter found h im. Kills Egyptian who is beating Hebrew slave. Burning Bush God freed the Israelites.
- How does the Soviet Afghani War end
- The soviets lose to much money and time so they leave.
- As the soviets lose power they invade. what are theyre reasons?
- 1. want to preserve communist party. 2. Don't want Iran
- Yom Kippur War
- 1973 Egypt wanted Sinai and Syria want golan heights back
- Ottomans
- the ottomans take constantinople in 1453 Mehmet. Byzantine empire is no longer.
- Caliph
- The sunni believe in this to be the leader of their people they belive the caliph sould be chosen by the people and very pious or religious
- 12 Tribes of Israel
- Isaac had a son Jacob (Israel) who had 12 sons which became the 12 tribes of Israel.
- What were four demands from Sadam for the Arab League (golf war)
- 1. wants kuwait and the united arab emirites to stop over producing oil (concern of Sadam incase price goes down) 2. Persian golf countries help in building irw after the war. (helped stop spread of Shia revolution) 3. Owes 7 billions dollars to Kuwait. and wants this dept wiped (he stopped the iran revolution). 4. Border between Kuwait and Iraq Dispute must be established. Obvi he wants more than for imself. ARAB LEAGUE DOES NOT COMPLY W/ ANY
- Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 1922
- Gives british control over military and fiscal (economic) policy it was set to last 20 years
- What is the Hadith
- the words of mohammed written down
- Iran-Iraq War 1980
- Middle of Hostage crisis. completely isolated- iraq will take advantage of this. No one will help iran b/c of hostge situatin. Has US hostages->no friends or allies. 2nd reason is that Sadam would invade. Iranian revolution he does not want that going into his country. Shia=Ayatolah Sunni=Sadam Khomelni calling on the Shia's to help fight the sunni's. 3rd reason border dispute= Shat al-arab a water way. Supporter= Iraq-US, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Eqypt Kuwait supporst b/c they are sunni and they don't want a shia revolution. Kurds Support Iran. Sadam gasses the kurds and their is also a mass kiling of shia. Kurds just joined Iran side to get their own country. The war ends in cease fire in 1988
- Byzantine Empire
- This consists of the eastern part of the roman empire. They are responible for starting the crusades. call on the crusaders because they thought the turks might attack them. Pope Urban called on the turk btw. The turks do attack them (competing for holy land) and they survive the crusades
- What are the Mujaheed and why are they created
- if the commi's are in control who will defend against the soviets? Us equiped the Mujaheed with weapons. Mujaheed=holy warriors.
- Who was the initial Caliph and how was he chosen
- Abu Bakr and he was chosen by the people
- Unilateral Disengagement Plan
- 2005 Prime Minister of Israel = Ariel Sharon. 21 settlments of Gaza Strip and 4 Settlements of West Bank. They force israelis to leave both places
- Who was the great ottoman Sultan
- Suleyman who died in battle (age 67 in suicide mission)
- Who were moors
- spanish islams
- The Golden Age ended why?
- It came to an end in 1258 whn the Mongols sacked the house of wisdom (river ran black) it was called the "Battle of Baghdad"
- Who do Muslims believe Abraham is ?
- according the the Qu'ran abraham was neither jew nor christian but a universal ancestor of monotheists
- Zoroaster
- a term for the phrophet of the religion Zoroastrianism. Religion based off of Good thoughts, Good Words, and Good Deeds. First Monotheistic Religion. Persian King = Vishtapa. Good = Spenta Mainyu vs Bad = Angra
- What is the Mecca Kaaba
- a worship place of idols in mecca
- who are the kurds
- they live in southern turkey but turkey doesnt want to give up a lot of their population so they can not get their own country. They speak kurdish. in 1983 Sadamm gasses kurds with mustard gas because they were in support of Iran in hopes of gaining their own country.
- Easter
- consists of Holy thursday= last supper eucharist, Good Friday= Jesus Dies, Easter Sunday= Rose from dead 40days before= lent 40 days after= acension
- Who dd they recruit for their army (the ottomans)
- children
- Balfour Declaration
- British and Zimist
- Who do the merchants belive built the Mecca Kaaba
- Abraham
- What does Islam mean
- submission to the will of god
- Umayyad
- When Muawiyah came into power the ummayid dynasty came into power. they were known for spreading from spain to India. They ruled from 660-750 CE They had Damascus as their capital and they spread islam. The spanish muslims were called "moors"
- Punishments for Sadam after the Golf War
- 1. Economic sanctions (penalities) on oil . They hurt the ppl more than Sadam. and put him further into dept. 2. Un inspectors check for WMDs Sadam doesnt comply and the sanctions become greater. 3. US no longer friends with Iraw
- Describe population of sunni vs shia in Iraq
- majority is Shia but the minority Sunni is in control
- Diaspora
- 135 CE the dispursin of the Jews everywhere.
- Sunni
- Opposing group to Shia believe that Uthman should be the caliph
- Mohammed came from a family of what?
- Bedouins, family lived in Mecca but they moved alot so they encountered many christians and jews
- What happens after the Iran-iraq war
- Sadam and the US establish a relationship
- Who supports the Mujaheed
- The United States and Saudi Arabia
- Roman empire Falls in what year
- 476 CE
- Operation Desert Shield 30 Nation Cohalation against Sadam
- give sadam a deadline which said he had to get out of kuwait.
- Zionism
- A movement founded in the 1890s to promote the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine.
- Hijrah
- Mohammed and his followers traveled from Mecca to Medina in 632 CE
- Talmud
- Judiasm. A book that show's how to apply the Torah to your Daily Life.
- Why was suleyman great
- he creates a system of laws and Suleymaniye which was a mosue named after him
- Who are the byzantines finally taken down by
- the ottomans
- Al Qaeda
- members are arrested at camps
- What was the Great Schism
- Roman Catholic vs eastern Orthodox (no trinity woman preists)
- Who are the "four true caliphs"
- Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthmah, and Ali
- Rosh Hashanah
- Jewish new year
- Church formed around this man
- Paul
- Oslo Accords
- Israel was represented by Rabin and the PLO was represented by Arafat. Two things were established 1. Israel allow Gasa strip and West bank to be self governing. 2. In return the PLO has to reconize that israel exists.
- what caused WW1
- 1) Surbs wanted independance from Austria-hungary. 2) killed franz ferdinand 3)allied-france, britain and russia, US (1917) Axis- Ottomans, Germany, Austria-Hungary
- What does Sadam do after the Arab League rejects his requests?
- within a couple of days he has kuwait under his control he invaded it. he has missiles pointed at Saudi Arabia. if he got control ovr kuwait, kuwait and iraq would have too much power b/c of al the oil they have.
- Gathas
- A part of the Avesta supposedly written by Zoroaster
- Who was the second Caliph and what was he known for
- Umar he was known for the Qu'ran, Muslim calendar, and the spread of Islam
- PLO
- Palestinian Liberation Organization
- Avesta
- The Holy book of Zoroastrianism
- What Happens when Mohammed is 40 years old
- angel gabriel appears and tells im that he is the 1 the phrophet of the 1 god allah.
- After the Soviets leave who take over the Mujaheeds?
- they divide into tribes. such as the taliban and al qaeda
- Suez Canal Crisis
- 1956 they tried to nationalize it -limit jews from using it US steps in Eisenhower says to stop what they are doing. ie british french and israel.
- What is the Qu'ran
- the literal word of God not writen by Mohamed only translated through him.
- Ten Commandments
- The Moral Laws of the Hebrew God Yahweh. First 4= Establosh Hebrew Relationship with Yahweh Other 6-> Importance of family, values, and self restraint. Covenant = solemn agreement with Yahweh.
- What are Janisarries
- strong military fighters most feared troops in the western world
- Torah
- holy Book of Judiasm. First 5 books of Moses. 61 Commandments 365 Don'ts 240 Do's
- Camp David Accords 1979
- talk about peace. Egypt represented by Sadat. US represented by Carter. Israel represented by Begin. Three things established 1. Israel removes troops from Sinai. 2. Israel gets access to the Suez Canal. 3. Missed opportunity= Palestine and israel not discussed. feel carter missed an opportunity.
- What Ruler declared support for Christianity and was baptised on his death bed
- Constantine
- Intifada 1987
- the first intifada was when the palestinian liberation organization PLO (leader yasar arafat) attacked some israeli soldiers.
- Shia
- the Shia believe that leader is called an imam and this "caliph/imam" should be a direct descendant of Mohammed They want Ali- 11 descendant 12 imam =caliph
- Operation desert Storm
- Deadlines pass and Sadam doesnt move. Op desert shield becomes operation desert storm. Phases of the war = 1-air attack on Sadam 2-troops push him out of Kuwait.
- Muslims say they don't really need a church...why?
- because they belive god is always with you
- Abraham
- The founder of Judiasm "father of monotheism" Born in Ur. Abraham married Sarah who was unable to have kids. Then Sarah did have a son = issaic. (JEWS) Abraham and his maid Hagar had a son named Ishmael. (MUSLIMS)
- Ahura Mazda
- Name of the God in Zoroastrianism. He has six attributed called his "Amesh Spentos" which include: Divine Law, Powerful, Beneviolent, Pure, Perfect, and Immortal.
- Golden Age of Islam
- Baghdad was flourishing eye surgery, scholars from all over the world came to study, algebra invented, medical and science advances
- How do muslims view their religion
- as a continuation of the Judeo-christian tradition. The jewish scriptures an jesus are incorporated in the Qu'ran they believe jews and christians deviated from allah or god and they fell into corruption and error
- 5 Pillars of Islam
- 1) the profession of faith 2) Daily Prayer 3) Payment of the Zakat 4) Fasting in the month of Ramadan and 5) The pilgrimage to Mecca
- Mecca
- holy city Iran
- Under what empire was the Hagia Sophia built
- the ottoman
- Sykes Picot Agreement
- 1916- Secret agreement between the British and French. Just promised Rab nation and now want to divide it up. British get Iraq, Palestin and Trans Jordon.(impt to have Iraq=persian golf=india) French get= Syria and lebanon. In conflict with the Arab revlt because the british already promised this land and is now giving it to the French
- Who is allah
- muslis believe that the jews and christians god is the same as their allah
- What Ruler declared Christianity an official Religion
- Theodocsius
- Kaaba is what
- merchants think abraham built this The place at mecca where the idols were kept then destroyed
- Cairo Conference
- 1921 Military and political future of the Middle east. Iraq-Monarchy King Faisal not best selection but chosen by british, Mecca from mecca not iraq, sunni always put minority in power. Military= Officers-Sunni. Average Soldiers-Shia. Left out Kurds and Assyrians.
- What empire did the ottomans attack first
- the byzantine they took over bursa (byzantines 1st capital) impr b/c this enalbed ottomans to establish a seat in the government
- How did the ottomans treat those they conquered
- allowed them to carry on with their religion
- Hezbollah
- a Shiite terrorist organization with strong ties to Iran
- What Happens after the Roman Empire Falls
- Christianity Spreads
- What is the trinity
- christian belief in the father son and holy ghost
- What was destroyed in the reclaiming of Mecca
- The Kaaba
- What was Important abot the Battle of Badr
- "gives religion credibility" b/c mohammed was supposedly out numbered by meccans
- Arab Revolt
- 1916-1918 Sherif of Mecca (son of of king of syria) Husain. Makes an agreement with the british, arabs revolt with help of british against the ottomans, makes 1 arab nation, king of Syria=faisal. Revolt from Mecca against the ottomans
- Ango-Iraqi Treaty 1930
- British to be consulted on 1. foreign policy 2. economic matters 3. all british interests (oil) The difference with the anglo iraqi treaty is that Iraq actually gets something- Military/financial support and Sponsership to league of nations
- Abbasaid
- They ruled from 750-1258 Under them was the house of wisdom and the Golden age of Islam moved from damascus to baghdad
- Bible Consists of what
- Old Testament - 5 books of Moses , New Testament - Gospel- Jesus
- Why was Mecca Important
- big trading center
- who were the Ghazis
- warriors of the faith who were to bring islam to the world
- What happened after the yom Kippur war
- US oil embargo in 1973 because OPEC was is anti-israeli and they were punishing the US for supporting israel. The embargo consisted of no oil given to US, and a 70% increase in price.
- Hamas
- a militant Islamic fundamentalist political movement that opposes peace with Israel and uses terrorism as a weapon
- 1st Pope
- Peter
- Who are two british allies
- the assyrians and the Kurds -both promised own states by the British
- Taliban
- 1995 they emerge as the government but are ousted in 2001
- Who was Jesus
- teacher, healer, miracle worker
- What religion belives their god can not be portrayed by picture statue or icon
- Muslims believe this about Allah who has n physical attributes
- Who is most upset about Mohammed being a phrophet
- the merchant because they are polytheistic and they sell idols at the center of trading (mecca)
- In 2002 Afghanistan declared war on who?
- Iraq
- In Islam who runs the church
- the imam
- What is the Hijrah
- Mecca to Yathrib (Medina)
- What is the first event in hte Muslim Calendar dated back to
- the Hijrah or the trip from mecca to medina
- What is the Afghani Communist party in control of before the war
- the government
- What is a Caliph
- succesor of the phrophet Mohammed