Shoulder & Upper Arm Muscles
Terms
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Origin:
Pectoralis Major - Ventral surface of the sternum down to the seventh rib, sternal half of clavicle, cartilage of true ribs and aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle
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Insertion:
Pectoralis Major - Lateral lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerous
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Action:
Pectoralis Major - Adducts and medially rotates arm, clavicular head flexes humerus, sternal head extends humerus, and with insertion fixed it assists in elevation of the thorax
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Trigger Points:
Pectoralis Major - In the belly for each portion of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Pectoralis Major - Chest and breast down to the ulnar aspect of the arm to the fourth and fifth fingers
- The muscles that pulls the thorax up to the fixed arm position in "pull ups"
- Pectoralis Major
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Synergists:
Pectoralis Major -
Sternal division: latissimus dorsi, subscapularis, teres major
Clavicular Division: biceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, deltoid -
Origin:
Pectoralis Minor - Anterior surfaces of the third through fifth ribs
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Insertion:
Pectoralis Minor - Coracoid process of the scapula
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Action:
Pectoralis Minor - With ribs fixed, it darws the scapula forward and downward, and with scapula fixed, it draws the rib cage superiorly
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Trigger points:
Pectoralis Minor - near the insertion at ther bis and at the coracoid process
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Pectoralis Minor - Front of the chest and down the ulnar side of the arm and mimics the symptoms of angina
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Synergists:
Pectoralis Minor - Pectoralis Major & Serratus Anterior
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Origin:
Serratus Anterior - Outer surfaces and superior borders of the first eight or nine ribs
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Insertion:
Serratus Anterior - Anterior surface of the medial border of the scapula
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Action:
Serratus Anterior - Abducts and protracts the scapula, rotates it so that the glenoid cavity faces cranially. It also holds the scapula firmly against the thorax (rib cage)
- This muscle is important in horizontal arm movement such as pushing and punching. Also known as the "boxers muscle."
- Serratus Anterior
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Trigger Points:
Serratus Anterior - Along the midaxillary line near the ribs.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Serratus Anterior - Along the side and back of chest and down the ulnar aspect of the arm into the hand
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Synergists:
Serratus Anterior - Pectoralis Minor
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Origin:
Trapezius - Medial third of superior nuchal line, external occipital protuberance, ligamentum nuchae, spinous process of the seventh cervical and all thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Trapezius - Lateral third of clavicle, acromion process and spoine of scapula
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Action:
Trapezius - Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates the scapula. The superior fibers elevate, the middle fibers retract, and the inferior fibers depress the scapula. Together the upper and lower fibers rotate the arm
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Trigger Points:
Trapezius - In the belly of the muscle near its points of attachment to the scapula.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Trapezius - In the neck to the ear and the temple and also in the subscapular area.
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Synergists:
Trapezius - Levator scapulae, clavicular head of the sternocleidomastoid, rhomboids
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Origin:
Levator Scapulae - Transverse processes of the first four cervical vertebrae
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Insertion:
Levator Scapulae - Vertebral border of the scapula between the superior angle and the spine
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Action:
Levator Scapulae - Raises scapula and draws it medially. With the scapula fixed, bends the neck laterally and rotates it to the same side (shoulder shrugging)
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Trigger Points:
Levator Scapulae - At the belly of the muscle just as it begins its rotation and at the attachment point of the scapula
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Levator Scapulae - Along the angle of the neck and the vertebral border of the scaplua.
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Synergists:
Levator Scapulae - Rhomboids and trapezius
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Antagonist:
Levator Scapulae - Latissimus dorsi
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Origin:
Rhomboids Major - Spinous process of the second through fifth thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Rhomboids Major - Medial border of scapula between the spoine and the inferior angle
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Action:
Rhomboids Major - Adducts, retracts, elevates, and rotates the scapula so that the glenoid cavity faces downward and stabilizes the scapula
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Trigger Points:
Rhomboid Major - At the attachment point near the scapula border
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Synergists:
Rhomboid Major -
-Trapezius
-Levator Scapulae
-Rhomboid Minor
-Latissimus dorsi -
Origin:
Rhomboid Minor - Spinous process of the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae
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Insertion:
Rhomboid Minor - Medial border of the scapula at the root of the spine
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Action:
Rhomboid Minor - Retracts and stabilizes the scapula, elevates the vertebral border, and rotates the scapula to depress the inferior angle
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Synergists:
Rhomboid Minor -
- Trapezius
- Levator Scapulae
- Rhomboid Major
- Latissimus Dorsi -
Origin:
Latissimus Dorsi - Indirect attachment through lumbodorsal fascia into spinous process of lower six thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, lower three to four ribs, and illiac crest
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Insertion:
Latissimus Dorsi - In floor of intertubercular groove of humerus
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Action:
Latissimus Dorsi - Extends, adducts, and medially rotates the arm; draws the shoulder downward and backward
- The muscle important in bringing the arm down in a power stroke as in hammering, swimming, and rowing
- Latisimus Dorsi
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Trigger Points:
Latissimus Dorsi - In the belly of the muscle near the rib attachments
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Latissimus Dorsi - Below the scapula and into the ulnar side of the arm and the abdominal oblique area
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Synergists:
Latissimus Dorsi -
- Rhomboids
- Pectoralis Major
- Teres Major - Muscle can also act as an accessory muscle of respiration
- Latissimus Dorsi
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Origin:
Deltoid -
Anterior portion- superior surface of lateral third of clavicle
Middle portion - lateral border of acromion process of scapula
Posterior portion - lower border of the crest of the spoine of the scapula -
Insertion:
Deltoid - Deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
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Action:
Deltoid -
Anterior portion - flexion and medial rotation of the arm
Middle portion - abducts the arm
Posterior portion - extendes and laterally rotates the arm - Shoulder muscle used as a prime injection site. Active during rhythmic arm swinging movements involved in walking
- Deltoid
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Trigger Points:
Deltiod - Belly of muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Deltoid - In the deltoid region and down the lateral surface of the arm.
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Synergists:
Deltoid -
- Supraspinatus
- Clavicular division of the pectoralis major -
Antagonist:
Deltoid -
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Pectoralis Major
(both antagnoistic during adduction) -
Origin:
Supscapularis - Subscapular fossa of the scapula
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Insertion:
Subscapularis - Lesser tubercle of the humerus and the ventral part of the capsule of the shoulder joint
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Action:
Subscapularis - Medially rotates and stabilizes the head of the humerus in the glenoid cavity
- The rotator cuff muscle that is often associated with "frozen shoulder syndrome"
- Subscapularis
- Rotator Cuff Muscles (4)
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-Subscapularis
-Supraspinatus
-Infraspinatus
-Teres minor -
Trigger Points:
Infraspinatus - in the belly of the muscle below the spine of the scapula and near the medial border of the scapula
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Infraspinatus - Deep into the shoulder and deltoid area down into the arm.
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Synergists:
Infraspinatus -
- Teres Minor
- Subscapularis
- Supraspinatus
- Deltoid -
Trigger Points:
Subscapularis - Near the atatchment of the humerus and in its belly
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Subscapularis - Posterior deltoid, triceps region down to the wrist
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Synergists:
Subscapularis -
- Teres Major
- Pectoralis Major
- Latissimus Dorsi -
Origin:
Supraspinatus - Supraspinous fossa of the scapula
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Insertion:
Supraspinatus - Superior part of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the capsule of the shoulder joint
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Action:
Supraspinatus - Abducts the arm and acts to stablilze the humeral head in the glenoid cavity during movements of the shoulder joint. (Rotator cuff muscle)
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Trigger Points:
Supraspinatus - Near the tendons and in the belly of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Supraspinatus - Deep in the shoulder and down the arm to the elbow
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Synergist:
Supraspinatus - Deltoid
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Origin:
Infraspinatus - Infraspinous fossa of the scapula
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Insertion:
Infraspinatus - Middle part of the greater tubercle of the humerus and the capsule of the shoulder joint
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Action:
Infraspinatus - Lateral rotation of the shoulder and acts to stabilize the humeral head in the glenoid cavity. (Rotator Cuff Muscle)
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Origin:
Teres Major - Lower third of the posterior surface of the lateral border of the scapula
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Insertion:
Teres Major - Medial lip of the bicipital (intertubercular) groove of the humerus
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Action:
Teres Major - Medially rotates and adducts the arm
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Trigger Points:
Teres Major - Near both attachments
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Teres Major - In the posterior deltoid region and down the dorsal surface of the arm
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Synergists:
Ters Major -
- Latissimus dorsi
- Subscapularis -
Origin:
Teres Minor - Upper two thirds of the dorsal surface of the axillary border of the scapula
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Insertion:
Teres Minor - The capsule of the shoulder joint and the inferior part of the greater tubercle of the humerus
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Action:
Teres Minor - Laterall rotates the arm and draws the humerus toward the glenoid cavity
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Trigger Point:
Teres Minor - In the belly of the muscle near its point of attachment.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Teres Minor - In the deltoid region.
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Synergists:
Teres Minor -
-Infraspinatus
-Subscapularis -
Origin:
Coracobrachialis - Tip of coracoid process of scapula
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Insertion:
Coracobrachialis - Anteromedial surface of the middle of the humerus shaft opposite the deltiod tuberosity
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Action:
Corachobrachialis - Flexion and adduction of the humerus
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Trigger Point:
Coracobrachialis - Near the coracoid attachment
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Coracobrachialis - Down the triceps and dorsal forearm into the hand
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Synergists:
Coracobrachialis -
- Pectoralis major
- Biceps Brachii
- Deltoid -
Origin:
Biceps Brachii -
Long Head- Supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula
Short Head - Tip of the coracoid process of the scapula -
Insertion:
Biceps Brachii - Radial tuperosity and into aponeurosis of flexor muscles of lower arm
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Action:
Biceps Brachii - Flexes and supinates the forearm
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Trigger Points:
Biceps Brachii - In the belly of each of the two heads of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Biceps Brachii - Found in the front of the shoulder and into the antecubital space
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Synergists:
Biceps Brachii -
- Brachialis
- Brachioradialis
- Supinator -
Angatonists:
Biceps Brachii -
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus -
Origin:
Brachialis - Distal half of the anterior surface of the humerus
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Insertion:
Brachialis - Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna
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Action:
Brachialis - Flexes elbow
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Trigger points:
Brachialis - In the belly of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Brachialis - Primarily in the lower arm to the thumb.
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Synergists:
Brachialis -
- Biceps Brachii
- Brachioradialis -
Antagonists:
Brachialis -
- triceps brachii
- anconeus -
Origin:
Brachioradialis - Proximal two-thirds of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
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Insertion:
Brachioradialis - Lateral side of the base of the styloid process of radius
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Action:
Brachioradialis - Flexes the elbow. Assists in pronation and supination of the forearm to the midposition.
- Muscle used to stabilize the elbow during rapid flexion and extension while in a midposition, such as in hammering.
- Brachioradialis
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Trigger Point:
Brachioradialis - Belly of muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Brachioradialis - From the wrist and base of the thumb and index finger to the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Synergists:
Brachioradialis -
- Brachialis
- Biceps brachii -
Antagonists:
Brachioradialis -
- Triceps brachii
- Anconeus -
Origin:
Triceps Brachii -
Long Head - infraglenoid tubercle of the scapula.
Medial Head - distal two thirds of the medial and posterio surfaces of the humerus
Lateral head - upper half of the posterior surface of the humerus -
Insertion:
Triceps Brachii - Posterior surface of the olecranon process of the ulna (elbow!)
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Action:
Triceps Brachii - Extends the forearm and the tendon of the long head and helps stabilize the shoulder joint
- The only muscle in the posterior upper arm.
- Triceps brachii
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Trigger Points:
Triceps Brachii - In the belly of each head of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Triceps Brachii - Entire length of the posterior surface of the arm
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Synergists:
Triceps Brachii - Anconeus
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Antagonist:
Triceps Brachii -
- Biceps brachii
- Brachialis -
Origin:
Anconeus - Posterior surface of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus
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Insertion:
Anconeus - Lateral surface of the olecranon process and posterior proximal surface of the ulna
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Action:
Anconeus - Extends the forearm and stabilizes the elbow joint
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Referred pain pattern:
Anconeus - Elbow
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Synergists:
Anconeus - Triceps brachii
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Antagonists:
Anconeus -
- Biceps brachii
- brachioradialis
- brachialis