Medical Terminology Ch15
Terms
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- cervic/o
- neck or cervix
-
colp/o
vagin/o - vagina (sheath)
-
episi/o
vulv/o - vulva (covering)
- gynec/o
- woman
-
hyster/o
meter/o
uter/o - uterus
- lact/o
- milk
-
mast/o
mamm/o - breast
- men/o
- menstruation
-
oophor/o
ovari/o - ovary
-
ov/i
ov/o - egg
- salping/o
-
uterine (fallopian) tube
also; eustachian tube - toc/o
- labor birth
- -arche
- beginning
- uterus
- womb, pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo and fetus develops
- fundus
- upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterine tubes
- endometrium
- lining of the uterus, which is shed about every 28 to 30 days in a non pregnant female during menstruation
- myometrium
- muscular wall of the uterus
-
uterine tubes
fallopian tubes - tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus
- adnexa
- uterine tubes and overies (uterine appendages)
-
right uterine appendage
left uterine appendage - right/left tube and ovary
- ovary
- one of two glands locaed on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce ova and female sex hormones
- cervix
- neck of the uterus
- cervical os
- opening of the cervix to the uterus
- vagina
- tubular passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body
- vulva
- external genitalia of the female
- labia
- folds of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening, known as the labia majora and labia minora
- clitoris
- female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva
- hymen
- fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina
- introitus
- entrance to that vagina
- Bartholin glands
- two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse
- perineum
- region between the vulva and anus
- mammary glands
- two glands in the female breast capable of producing milk
- mammary papilla
- nipple
- areola
- dark pigmented area around the nipple
- embryo
- the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eighth week
- fetus
- the developing organism from the ninth week to birth
- placenta
-
vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus
(placenta = cake) - amniotic sac
- membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid
- amniotic fluid
- fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the fetus
- meconium
- intestinal discharges of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn
- amenorrhea
- absence of menstruation
- dysmenorrhea
- painful menstruation
- oligomenorrhea
- scanty menstrual period
- anovulation
- absence of ovulation
- dyspareunia
- painful intercourse
- leukorrhea
- abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge
- menorrhagia
- excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation
- metrorrhagia
- bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation
- oligo-ovulation
- irregular ovulation
- cervicitis
- inflammation of the cervix
- congenital anomalies
-
birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or structure
(i.e. double uterus or absent vagina) - dermoid cyst
- congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair) typically found in an ovary; usually benign
- displacments of uterus
- displacement of the uterus from its normal position
- anteflexion
- abnormal forward bending of the uterus
- retroflexion
- abnormal backward bending of ther uterus
- retroversion
- backward turn of the whole uterus; tipped uterus
- endometriosis
- condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity
- endometritis
- inflammation of the endometrium
-
fibroid
fibromyoma
leiomyoma - benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue
- fistula
-
abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another
(fistula = pipe) - retrovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum
- vesicovaginal fistula
- abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
- cervical neoplasia
- abnormal development of cervical tissue cells
-
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
cervical dysplasia -
potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation:
CIN-1 - mild dysplasia
CIN-2 - moderate dysplasia
CIN-3 - severe dysplasia - carcinoma in situ (CIS) of cervix
- malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized without any spread to adjacent structures
- menopause
- cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones
- oophoritis
- inflammation of one or both ovaries
- parovarian cyst
- cyst of the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
- pelvic adhesions
- scarring of tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, or injury
- pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
- inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the flaaopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often causd by bacteria
- pelvic floor relaxation
- relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs
- cystocele
- pouching of the bladder into the vagina
- rectocele
- pouching of the rectum into the vagina
- enterocele
- pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina and rectum
- urethrocele
- pouching of the urethra into the vagina
- prolapse
- descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal
- salpingitis
- inflammation of a fallopian tube
- vaginitis
- inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, and irritation, often caused by a specific organism, such as Candida (yeast) or Trichomonas (sexually transmitted parasite)
- atrophic vaginitis
- thinning of the vagina and loss of moisture because of depleton of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue
- vaginosis
- infection of the vagina with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milklike discharge and an unpleasant odor; also know as nonspecific vaginitis
- adenocarcinoma of the breast
- malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue
- amastia
- absence of a breast
- fibrocystic breasts
- benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous and cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods
- gynecomastia
- development of mammary glands in the male, caused by altered hormone levels
-
hypermastia
macromastia - abnormally large breasts
-
hypomastia
micromastia - unusually small breasts
- mastitis
- inflammation of breast, most commonly in women who are breast feeding
- polymastia
- presence of more than two breasts
-
polythelia
supernumerary nipples - presence of more that one nipple on a breast
- biopsy (Bx)
- removal of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination
- aspiration Bx
- needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytological examination; also called needle biopsy
- endoscopic Bx
- removal of an entire lesion for microscopic examination
- incisional Bx
- removal of a piece of suspicious tissue for microscopic examination
- needle biopsy
- removal of a core specimen of tissue using a special hollow needle
- stereotactic breast Bx
- use of x-ray imaging, a specialized stereoactic frame, and a computer to calculate, precisely locate, and direct a needle into a breast lesion for the removal of a core specimen for biopsy
- colposcopy
- examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, a specialized microscope used to examine the vagina and cervix, often with a camera attachment for photographs; used to document findings and follow-up treatments
- hysteroscopy
- use of a hysteroscope to examine the intrauterine cavity for assessment of abnormalities (polyps, fibroids, anomalies)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- use of nonionizing images to detect gynecologic conditions (e.g. anomalies of the pelvis or soft tissues of the breast) or to stage tumors arising from the endometrium or cervix
- Papanicolaou smear
- study of cells collected from the cervix to screen for cancer and other abnormalities
- radiograpy
- x-ray imaging
- hysterosalpingogram
- x-ray of teh fallopian tubes after injection of contrast medium throught the cervix; used to determine tubal patency (openness)
- mammogram
- low dose x-ray of the breast tissue made to detect neoplasms
- pelvic sonography
- ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis
- endovaginal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made wtih the ultrasonic transducer within the vagina to detect conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion
- hysterosonogram
- a transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injected into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or determine tubal patency
- transabdominal sonogram
- ultrasound image of the lower abdomen, including the bladder, uterus, tubes and ovaries, to detect conditions such as cysts and tumors
-
adhesiolysis
adhesiotomy - breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions
- cervical conization
- removal of a cone-shaped portion of the cervix
- colporrhaphy
- suture to repair the vagina
- anterior repair
- repair of a cystocele
- posterior repair
- repair of a rectocele
- A&P repair
- anterior and posterior repair of cystocele and rectocele
- cryosurgery
- method of destroying tissue by freezing; used for treating dysplasia and early cancers
- dialation and curettage
- dialation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium to control bleeding, to obtain tissue for biopsy, or to remove polyps or products of conception
- hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus
- abdominal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through an incision in the abdomen
- vaginal hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus through the vagina
- total hysterectomy
- removal of the uterus and cervix
- laparoscopy
- inspection of the abdominal or pelvic cavity with a laparoscope, which is an endoscope used to examine the abdominal and pelvic regions
- laparoscopic surgery
- surgical procedures within the abdominal or pelvic region using a laparoscope
- laser surgery
- use of a laser to destroy lesions or dissect or cut tissue, used frequently in gynecology
-
loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ) - loop configured electrosurgical device to treat precancerous cervical lesions
- myomectomy
- excision of fibroid tumors
- oophorectomy
- excision of an ovary
- ovarian cystectomy
- excision of an ovarian cyst
- salpingectomy
- excision of a uterine tube
- bilateral salpingooophorectomy
- excision of both uterine tubes and ovaries
- salpingotomy
- incision into a fallopian tube, often performed to remove an ectopic pregancy
- salpingostomy
- creation of an opening in the fallopian tube to open a blockage
- tubal ligation
- sterilization of a woman by cutting and tying (ligating) the uterine tubes
- lumpectomy
- excision of a breast tumor without removing any other tissue or lymph nodes, usually followed by radiation or chemothearpy if the tumor is found to be cancerous
- mastectomy
- removal of a breast
- simple mastectomy
- removal of an entire breast but with underlying muscle and axillary lymph nodes left intact
- radial masterectomy
- removal of an entire breast along with the underlying chest muscles and axillary lymph nodes
- modified radical masterectomy
- removal of an entire breast and lymph nodes of the axilla
- mammoplasty
- surgical reconstruction of a breast
- augmentation mammoplasty
- reconstruction to enlarge the breast, often by inserting an implant
- reduction mammoplasty
- reconstruction to remove excessive breast tissue
- mastopexy
- elevation of pendulous breast tissue
- hormonal controceptives
- hormones used to prevent conception by suppressing ovulation
- oral contraceptive pill (OCP)
- birth control pills
- contraceptive injection
- injection of the hormone into the body
- contraceptive implant
- insertion of a controceptive capsule under the skin to provide a continual infusion over an extented time
- barrier contraceptives
- products that provide a physical barrier to prevent conception (e.g. condom, diaphram)
- intrauterine device (IUD)
- contraceptive device inderted into the uterus that prevents implantation of a fertilized egg
- spermicidals
- creams, jellies, lotions or foams containing agents that kill sperm
- gravida
- pregnant woman
- nulligravida
- never having been pregnant
- primigravida
- first pregnancy
- gravida4
- fourth pregancy
- para
- to bear; a woman who as produced one or more viable (live outside the uterus) offspring
- nullipara
- a woman who has not borne a child
- primipara
- first delivery
- multipara
- a woman who has given birth to two or more children
- para4
- four pregnancys resulting in births
- cervical effacement
- progressive obliteration of the endocervical canal during delivery
-
estimated date of confinement (EDC)
estimated date of dilivery (EDD) - expected date for delivery of the baby, normaly 280 days or 40 weeks from last menstrual period (LMP)
- meconium staining
- presence of meconium in amniotic fluid
- ruptured membranes
- rupture of the amniotic sac, usually at onset of labor
- macrosomia
- large-bodied baby commonly seen in diabetic pregnancies
- polyhydramnios
- excessive amniotic fluid
- abortion (AB)
- expulsion of the product of conception before the fetus is viable (able to live outside the uterus)
- spontaneous abortion (SAB)
- miscarriage; expulsion of products of conception occurring naturally
- habitual abortion
- spontaneous abortion occurring in three or more consecutive pregnancies
- incomplete abortion
- incomplete expulsion of products of conception
- missed abortion
- death of a fetus or embryo within the uterus that is not naturally expelled after death
- threatened abortion
- bleeding with the treat of miscarriage
- cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD)
- condition preventing normal delivery through the birth canal; either the baby's head is too large or the birth canal is too small
- eclampsia
- true toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions, and coma
-
preeclampsia
pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH) - toxemia of pregnancy characterized by high blood pressure, albuminuria, edema of the legs and feet, severe headaches, dizziness, convulsions and coma
- ectopic pregnancy
- inplantation of the fertilized egg outside the uterine cavity, often in the tube or ovary, or rarely in the abdominal cavity
- erythroblastosis fetalis
- disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with an Rh-positive blood factor and a mother who is Rh-negative, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus
- Rh Factor
- presnce or lack of antigens on the surface of red blood cells that may cause a reaction between blood of the mother and fetus, resulting in fatal anemia
- hyperemesis gravidarum
- severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy that can cause severe dehydration in the mother and fetus
- meconium aspiration
- fetal aspiration of amniotic fluid containing meconium
- placenta previa
- displaced attachment of the placenta in the lower region of the uterine cavity
- abruptio placentae
- premature detachment of a normally situated placenta
- chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
- sampling of placental tissue for microscopic and chemical examinatio to detect fetal abnormalities
- amniocentesis
- aspiration of a small amount of amniotic fluid for analysis of possible fetal abnormalities
- fetal monitoring
- use of an electronic device for simultaneous recording of fetal heart rate and uterine contractions
- pelvimetry
- obstetric measurement of pelvis to evaluate proper conditions for vaginal delivery
- pregnancy test
- test performed on urine or blood to detect the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (secreted by the placenta) which indicates pregnancy
-
endovaginal sonogram
transvaginal sonogram - ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, ovaries made after introduction of an ultrasound tansducer within the vagina; useful for detecting pathology
- obstetric sonogram
- ultrasound image of the pregnant uterus to determine fetal development
- cesarean section (c-section)
- surgical delivery of a baby through an incision through the abdomen and into the uterus
- episiotomy
- incision of the perineum to facilitate delivery
- amnioinfusion
- introduction of a solution into the amniotic sac; an isotonic solution is most commonly used to relieve fetal distress
- therapeutic abortion (TAB)
- abortion induced by mechanical means or by drugs for medical reasons
- version
- manual method for reversing the position of the fetus, usually done to facilitate dilivery
- external version
- abdominal manipulation
- internal version
- intravaginal manipulation
- abortifacient
- drug that causes abortion (i.e. mifepristone, RU-486)
- oxytocin
- hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that causes myometrial contraction, used to induce labor
- Rh immune globulin
- immunizing agent giving to an Rh-neg mother within 72 hours after dilivering an Rh-pos baby to supress Rh immune responce
- tocolytic agent
- drug used to stop labor contractions