Biology Chapter 5
Terms
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- organic molecule
- carbon-based molecule
- inorganic molecule
- non-carbon-based molecule
- hydrocarbon
- organic molecule composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms
- functional group
- group of atoms within a molecule that interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
- hydrophilic
- attracts water molecules
- monomer
- small molecular unit that is the building block of a larger molecule
- polymer
- long chain of small molecular units
- carbohydrate
- organic compound made of sugar molecules
- monosaccharide
- sugar containing one sugar unit
- disaccharide
- sugar containing two monosaccharides
- polysaccharide
- long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers
- starch
- polysaccharide in plant cells that consists entirely of glucose monomers
- glycogen
- polysaccharide in animal cells that consists of many glucose monomers
- cellulose
- polysaccharide consisting of glucose monomers that reinforces plant-cell walls
- lipid
- one of a class of water-avoiding compounds
- hydrophobic
- avoids water molecules
- fat
- organic compound consisting of a three-carbon backbone (glycerol) attached to three fatty acids
- saturated fat
- fat in which all three fatty acid chains contain the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms
- unsaturated fat
- fat with less than the maximum number of hydrogens in one or more of its fatty acid chains
- steroid
- lipid molecule with four fused carbon rings
- cholesterol
- steroid molecule present in the plasma membranes of animal cells
- protein
- polymer constructed from a set of 20 amino acid monomers
- amino acid
- monomer that makes up proteins; contains carboxyl and amino functional groups
- polypeptide
- chain of linked amino acids
- denaturation
- loss of normal shape of a protein due to heat or other factor
- activation energy
- minimum amount of energy required to trigger a chemical reaction
- catalyst
- agent that speeds up chemical reactions
- enzyme
- specialized protein that catalyzes the chemical reactions of a cell
- substrate
- specific reactant acted on by an enzyme
- active site
- region of an enzyme into which a particular substrate fits