Review Terms
Terms
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- causes of war
- individual (leaders, misperceptions, masses), state/society (scapegoating, struggle for resources, ethnonational challengers), international (anarchy, power transitions)
- symbolic politics
- women's rights are human rights
- NGO strengths
- independence from states, participate at all elvels, links to grass roots groups, soft power
- civil wars
- wars between factions within a state over control of territory, establishment of a government, ethnonationalist movements seeking autonomy, between clans etc
- nationalism
- devotion and allegiance to nation and shared characteristics of its people, motivate etc
- federalism
- war casued by states exercising sovereignty, peace achieved if sovereignty transferred to higher body, states will join together
- levels of analysis
- individual, state and international levels can be looked at and separated
- transnational advocacy network
- actors working internationally on an issue who are bound together by shared values, a common discourse and a dense exchange of information & emerge when channels with goverment are broken, believe it will further mission etc
- Somalia
- to give UN a success story, all decisions were political rather than focusing on Somalian people
- legitimacy
- moral and legal right to rule (based on rule, custom, heredity, etc)
- diplomacy
- practice of states trying to influence the behavior of other states through bargaining, negotiating, taking specific noncoercive actions or refraining from these actions or appealing to foreign public for support
- anarchy
- absence of governmental authority
- behavioralism
- an approach to the study of social science and IR that posits that individuals and units like states act in regularized ways; leads to a belief that behavior can be described, explained and predicted
- compellence
- threatening or intimidating an adversary
- containment
- foreign policy to prevent the expansion of an adversary by blocking its opportunities to expand, by supporting weaker states through foreign aid programs, and by using coercive force against the adversary to harness its expansion
- sanctions
- economic, diplomatic and even coercive military force for enforcing an international policy or another state's policy; sanctions can be positive (carrot) or negative (stick)
- information politics
- providing information (testimonies etc) to enforce/persuade policy change
- capitalism
- economic system, ownership of means of production in private hands - labor and capital move freely
- NGOs
- private, voluntary organizations whose members are individuals or associations that come together for a common purpose (Red Cross, Green Peace, Amnesty)
- theory
- generalized statements about political, social or economic activities that seek to describe and explain activities, sometimes basis of prediction
- sovereignty
- the authority of the state, based on recognition by other states and by nonstate actors, to govern matters within its own borders that affect its people, economy, security and form of government
- just war
- criteria: just cause, declaration of intent by appropriate authority, have right intentions, exhausted all other option
- deterrence
- policy of maintaining a large military force and arsenal to discourage any potential aggressor from taking action
- hegemon
- dominant state that has preponderance of power- often establishes and enforces rules and norms in international system
- security dilemma
- when state prepares to protect self, endangers other countries
- NGO roles
- advocate for specific policies, mobilize mass publics, distribute aid, monitor norms or state and practices,
- collective goods (Hardin)
- maximize own gains at cost of collective (tradgedy of the commons), need to overcome problems through coercion, changing preferences, etc
- NGO weaknesses
- diverese groups, no consistent source of funds, legitimacy compromised by lack of authority
- 3rd generation human rights
- women, children, special interest groups
- regime
- rules, norms procedures that emerge from a high level of cooperation
- 2nd generation human rights
- economic/social rights, rights states should provide
- treaty of Westphalia
- ended 30 years war in Europe in 1648, represents beginning of state sovereignty within a territorial space
- limited wars
- objective is NOT surrender and occupation of enemy territory (gulf war), not full use of arms
- public diplomacy
- use of certain diplomatic methods to create favorable image of the state or its people in the eyes of other states and their publics, methods include goodwill tours, cultural and student exchanges, media presentations
- Rwanda
- lack of US involvement,. genocide but US didn't want to give this title becuase they would have to intervene, relation to Somalia delayed US action, our interests were not to do anything there
- asymmetric warfare
- warfare between unequal strength- weaker trying to neutralize the others strength
- terrorism
- kind of asymmetric warfare includes: premeditation, motivation by a cause, noncombatant targets and secretiveness
- general war
- armed conflict involving massive loss of life and widespread destruction with many participants
- leverage politics
- material: US to say no $ until ___, moral: mobilization of shame
- guerrilla warfare
- civilian uses
- functionalism
- war from economic deprivation, cannot be solved in system of independent states
- 1st generation human rights
- political/civil rights, state cannot take these away
- just conduct during war
- noncombatants protected from harm, violence proportionate to ends, undue human suffering avoided, individual responsibility for actions taken