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- Hamatsa
- initiation ceremony, men would go off into forest for a season, come back & act wild (pretend to eat human flesh), ceremony would reintegrate man into society
- argillite
- black shale from Queen Charlotte Island
- feather pattern
- pattern design with eagle feathers repeated over and over again.
- Thomas Keam
- trader/archeologist, encouraged Nampeyo to collect/make pottery
- Nampeyo
- Hopi from Hano, AZ (1860-1942), most famous pottery maker. created migration (wingtip) design.
- Totem pole types
- house frontal poles, mortuary poles (flat platform on top), memorial poles
- black on black pottery
- made by covering pot with slip, then polishing it with a stone until shiny. would go back and create the design with more slip, which was left unpolished
- oxidation firing
- would cause red (sienna) clay to stay its color during firing (fire not covered)
- formline
- main conture line that varies from thick to thin as it transitions
- Popovi Da
- son of Julian & Maria. used both reduction & oxidation firing to create two-tone designs. also created "gun metal finish" by removing pot at just the right time.
- reduction firing
- fire/pottery covered with sawdust or powdered sheep dung which would cause the fire to take oxygen from the clay-turning it black
- Chief Dan Cranmer
- Kwakwaka'wakw, 1921 potlatch was raided, people jailed, ceremonial objects taken by Canadian govt
- split image
- simultanious vision/view point of animal
- two-tone
- sienna and black pottery
- Santa Fe Indian Market
- set standard for N.A. art, held competitions
- Kwakwaka'wakw
- (formerly Kwakiutl), Vancouver Island, BC
- Fred Harvey Company
- sold Native American art to promote tourism; provided food & lodging for railroad workers
- Avanyu
- water serpent design
- incizing
- removal of outer slip before firing; created by Tony Da
- sacred directions
- kept balance of the universe
- Charles Edenshaw
- Haida, carved argillite & sold to curio shops & collectors
- Sikyatki Revival
- Nampyo gathered shards from ancient Hopi dwelling of Sikyatki (polychrome patterns)
- Bill Holm
- non-native artist & scholar, defined styles & forms (formline, U shape, ovoid), wrote "NW Coast Indian Art: An Analysis of Form", 1965
- Hamatsa monsterbirds
- Cannibal Raven (dancer dressed in red cedar) plucked out eyes, Cannibal Crooked Beak of Heaven, Huxwhukw cracked open human heads & ate brain
- Crest
- animal (main animal) figure on a totem pole or other design
- Chief Willie Seaweed
- well known carver, esp.of masks for Hamatsa ceremonies. used cedar woods & enamel paints (black, red, orange)
- Wirikuta
- "field of flowers", place of origin, 1st people driven out, pilgrimage every year (usually in winter)
- Maria & Julian Martinez
- husband & wife, she made pottery, he painted it.
- yarn painting
- developed around 1960 to sell to tourists, can take 6 months to create; created by shaman Ramon Medina Silva; developed from traditional nierikas
- Pueblo
- live on San Ildefonso Indian Reservation
- primary formline
- black - outlined eyes & faces
- Haida
- located on Queen Charlotte Islands, BC
- turquoise inlay
- created by Popovi Da, but popularized by his son, Tony Da.
- Hano, AZ
- Hopi Reservation
- U shape
- shaped in form of U or upside-down U
- fineline
- hatching, very thin lines painted close together
- beeswax
- used to affix beads/yarn to bowls & paintings
- nierika
- boards in circular or square forms, decorated in yarn, often with a mirror in the middle to enhance the prayer
- secondary formline
- usually red- outlined subsidiary areas
- ovoid
- modified oval form
- Huichol
- N.A. of Central Mexico, live in western Sierra Madre Mtns
- spindle whorl
- used to hold wool when spinning
- split-U shape
- "loon feather" upside-down U with two smaller Us inside
- peyote
- sacred cactus, ceremonial, considered gift from gods to allow Huichol to see into spiritual world & obtain unity w/gods
- Raven & Eagle Moieties
- two clans (kinships) of the Tlingit tribe
- Triad of Sacred objects
- peyote ("footprint of deer"), deer (staple meat), corn (staple agricultural food)
- Ban on Potlatch
- Amendment to the Indian Act, 1884; ban lifted in 1951
- Yucca
- used to make brushes to paint fine lines
- slip
- fine pigmented clay mixed with water, used with high ironoxide content that would turn red in firing