Learning and Memory
Terms
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- Extinction
- Gradual loss of associative conditioning when CS no longer paired with US
- (SP+) Positive punishment
- Present stimulus -> Decrease behavior
- Learning
- How the environment comes to influence behavior
- Proactive Interference
- older info prevents learning or recall of newer information
- Peripheral catecholamines
- • Stimulate the afferent vagus • Afferent vagus terminates in nucleus of solitary tract • NTS projections release NE at the amygdala •Amygdala enhances hippocampal LTP during stress
- Type I GC receptor stimulation
- facilitate LTP (and memory)
- Sleep deprivation
- Inhibits hippocampal LTP
- Opponent processes
- If a UR disrupts homeostasis, body engages compensatory mechanisms
- Episodic
- memory of autobiographical experiences
- Sensory registers
- Information stored in raw form, decays rapidly (< .5 seconds) Large capacity
- Operant Learning
- The process by which the antecedents and consequences of voluntary behavior acquire the ability to increase or decrease the probability of its future reoccurrence
- Retrograde amnesia
- inability to recall memories acquired before an insult or event
- Associative
- Classical and operant conditioning
- Retrieval
- Accessing stored memories Retrieval deficits marked by: Intact immediate recall, poor delayed recall that improves with cues
- Working memory
- Intended to be distinct from short-term memory Holds most recently activated information in consciousness for manipulation "Phonological loop" (posterior parietal cortex) "Visual sketchpad" (posterior visual association cortex) "Central executive" shifts attentional spotlight (PFC)
- Memory Storage
- •Sensory registers •Short-term memory •Working memory •Long-term memory
- Modality-specific amnesia
- can recall information through at least one sensory modality (e.g. vision, but not auditory)
- Consolidation
- Process of making memories permanent Disruption of sleep associated with impaired consolidation of declarative and procedural memories. Thought that memories are "reactivated" during different sleep stages
- Temporal cortex
- • Storage of memory traces • Automatic retrieval
- Non-associative - Priming
- Facilitation of performance on tasks that do not involve recall of declarative knowledge with rehearsal
- Sleep & Memory
- Sleep linked to better recall and recognition at retest
- Long-term potentiation (LTP)
- Increased excitability of post-synaptic neuron following repeated or intense stimulation Mediated by glutamate (excitatory) LTP inhibited by NMDA receptor blockers Strong stimulation opens NMDA receptor NMDA receptor opening triggers intracellular pathways that affect AMPA receptors Increased AMPA receptor sensitivity in 1-4 hours Transcription of additional AMPA receptors in 8 hours Additional dendritic branching
- (SR+) Positive reinforcement
- Present stimulus -> Increase behavior
- specific events Nondeclarative (Implicit)
- no awareness involved
- Semantic
- knowledge of facts that are not tied to specific events
- Associative Learning
- The transfer of the ability to elicit an involuntary behavior or reflex from one stimulus to another
- Type II GC receptor stimulation
- impair memory
- Social learning
- Learning through observation
- (SR-) Negative reinforcement
- Remove stimulus -> Increase behavior
- Non-associative - Procedural
- Pattern of motor activity or sequences of behavior
- Global amnesia
- inability to recall information through any sensory modality
- (SP-) Negative punishment
- Remove stimulus -> Decrease behavior
- Retroactive Interference
- newer info interferes with recall of previously learned info
- Amnesia
- Deficit in explicit memory
- Central catecholamines
- •Increased LC-NE activity w/ stress or arousal •Fans up from the LC to the PFC • PFC-mediated working memory: Enhanced by moderate LC-NE activity Impaired by severe LC-NE activity
- Memory
- Acquisition, storage, and expression of information
- Encoding
- Translate sensory information into a neural representation that is capable of being remembered
- Anterograde amnesia
- inability to form new memories following an insult or event
- Addictions
- Starts off driven by positively reinforcing effects of the drug (pleasure) Transitions to negative reinforcement (avoid withdrawal symptoms)
- Stress & Sleep
- Stress leads to insomnia, disrupted sleep
- Long-term memory
- Duration: potentially for life Retrieval = bringing stored memories into consciousness
- Stress & Memory
- A little bit of stress helps memory; alot of stress hurts memory
- Frontal cortex
- • Encoding of information • Volitional retrieval
- Declarative (Explicit)
- Consciously accessible memories of facts and autobiographical events
- Memory Storage Pathway
- Info -> Sensory Register -> Short-Term Storage(Working Memory) -> Long Term Storage -> Working Memory
- Confabulation
- generation of false memories
- Reconsolidation
- Consolidation is strengthened with repeated retrieval.
- Hippocampus
- • Necessary for forming new declarative memories • Storing, tagging for retrieval, or consolidating memories? • LTP very apparent here.
- Obesity
- Palatable food as a natural reinforcer
- Short-term memory
- Duration: between 2 - 30 seconds, sometimes longer Capacity: 7 +/- 2 "chunks" "6-8-7-3-5-1-4-9-8-0-2" vs "1-480-957-6382