ocean lab final

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heterotrphs: (consumers) feed on autotrophs or toher heterotrophs for energy and carbon compounds esamples: copepods, ammals, zooplankton
silicious oozes: the biogenic form of silicia is opal, while the inorganic form is quartz. opal contains significant amounts of water bound up in its structure
cyanobacteria: smallest plankton
meroplankton: spend portion of life as plankton, portion as comething else (benthic nektonic)
continental shelf: gently sloping depositional surface extending from the water line to the continental slope
density of ice: .92
divergent plate margins: new basaltic crust s being created, rising asthenosphere pushes apart (sea floor spreading); two plates move away from each other
archimedes principle: a rigid body which floats ona fluid will sink into the fluid until the mass of the displaced fluid exactly equals the total mass of the rigid body
hydrogen bonds: intermolecular bonds between H and O that give water high meting and boiling points
pH of the ocean: 7.5-8.4
archimedes: greek mathmatician, physicist and engineer
ocean- continent convergence: subduction of more dense oceanic plate beneath continental plate; associated with deep ocean trenches near continental volcanic arcs (andes, cascades)
photosynthesis: uses chlorophyll to absorb sunlight, converting CO2 into glucose
the principle of constant proportions: although the concentrations may vary, the relative proportions of these salts remain very consistent worldwide
decrease salinity: precipitaion and ice melting (adding water)
heat flow is low at....: trenches
current or gravity processes: sediments are redistributed in the nearshore environments
aphotic zone: little to no sunlight
periwinkle snails: larger shell volume allows more water storage. this adaptation allows some species to resist desiccation longer, allowing survival much higher in the upper intertidal zone.
CO2: dissolves readily in sea water to form carbonic acid
sea urchins and star fish: vacuum suction with tube feet
water is unique becasue it is...: polar and it forms hydrogen bonds
bicarbonate ion: acts as a buffer, keeping seawater from becoming too acidic or basic
red algae (rhodophyta): incredibally diverse, able to inhabit deep water environments, better at absorbing blue light, which penetrates deeper than other wavelengths, "coraline" species secrete CaCO3 "skeletons", contribute more CaCO3 than corals, come encrust other algae
foraminifera: tests of caco3, the globigerina is a common one
benthic zone: associated with the seafloor
disphotic zone: barely illuminated by the sun. the "twilight" layer between photic and aphoic zones
deep earthquake: 400-700 km
sperical coordinates that define a grid: the most common frame of refereance used in maps
phosphates: the common skeletal mineral composing the cones and teeth of vertebrates
biogenic oozes: rarely found on the continental slope and rise becasue biogenous components are drowned out by large inputs of terrigenous sediment deposited by turbidity currents
add an alkaline a base...: releases more OH-or takes up H+
passive margins: atlantic style, no plate boundary, low degree of tectonic activity; .1, 4, .2
Brown Algae (phaeophyta): lcreate huge kelp forsts which support over 800 distinct species of marine animals. much like the destruction of tropical rainforsets, the destruction of these kelp forests can quickly lead to ecological collapse of an entire regionargest of all algal species, giant kelp can grow to hundreds of meters, structurally most complex of all seaweeds, largest component of "kelp forests" (contain 800 distinct species)
subduction: denser plate sinks beneath less dense plate; generation of magmatic arcs, parallel to trenches
outer core: liquid
benthic alagae: abundant in nearshore environments and are mostly concentrated in the lower intertidal and subtidal zones. plant like protists/ primary producers that perform photosynthesis using cholrophyll in chloroplasts that are found in their cells.
continent continent convergence: since both continental plates are low density, neither is forced into asthenosphere; instead plates are pushed up; mountain building occur, crust becomes highly deformed ( himalayas, alps)
salt sources: rivers, volcanic gases, and hydrothemal vents at midocean ridges
equatorial current: driven by tradewinds
abyssal clays: wind blown dust that accumulates alowly far from continental margins
limpets and chitons: molluscs that create suction against the substrate using their muscular foot and musus to form water tight seal between their shell and the substrate.
dinoflagellates: protozoa, half phytoplankton, half zooplankton. red chlorophyl, "red tide" elgal blooms
surface currents: driven by winds
descriptive classifications: distinguish sediments by differences in texture of composition.
isotherms: contours of equal temperature
echinoderms: another word for starfish.. move into tide pools
deep currents: driven by bouyancy (density) forces. refereed to as thermo haline circulation
seawater: high salinity, around 3.47% by weight
canyons: cut through the shelf and slope
interpolation: when we use this line to predict values between the plotted points
rivers: deliver sedimments to the head of the canyons
on land transforms: transform faults that develop where two continental clocks slide past each otther. (san andreas fault in california)
crabs: store water in gill chambers and can move to concealed areas or into the water if necessary.
winds are generated to: restore equilibrium
dextral: right lateral
flexible or rigid: resist wave shock
west wind drift: driven by westerlies
on land rifting: continents that are spreading spart- may become ocean basins; high heat flow, volcanic activity ( east african rift valley, rio grande rift)
radiolarians: small, mostly spherical tests of sio2 (opal)
anemones: close up and secrete mucous
hydrogenous sediments: inorganic sediments that originate by the precipitaion of minerals from seawater
terrigenous sediments are usually dominant along..: continental margins and in the deeper portions of the ocean basins
shallow earthquake: 0-30 km
mantle: higher density material below crust and above outer core
encrusting: some organisms live on top of other organisms
biogenous sediments: sediments that originate by biological processes such as the secretion (growth) of skeletal materials by marine organisms. only a small fraction is actually orgainis matter. most is skeletal remains
subtripical gyres: the main component of surface circulation
macroalgae: NOT PLANTS! seaweed. photoautotrphic, aquatic, eukaryotes, unicellular or multicellular
How do dissolved salts affect water: density of water increases with salinity. boiling point goes up, freezing point goes down
active margins: pacific style, high degree of tectonic activity, typically found in pacific ocean, continental shelf is narrow, continental slope transforms abruptly to trench
nektonic: organism that can swim against horizontal currents
asthenosphere: plastic part of the mantle below lithosphere (upper mantle)~ 600 km thick
magmatic arcs: chains of volcanoes that lie parallel to trenches and above slabs of lithosphere
convergent plate margins: boundary where two plates move towards each other, subduction occurs
sand or mud: support mostly benthic, infaunal species capable of living in turbid water. in such environments, species diversity is moderate and abundances are low
turbisdity currents: short lived, gravity -induced currents consisting of mixtures of sediment and water which flow downslope as a density current. the primary means by which terrigenous sediments is transported from shallow water into the deep ocean
physical conditions: determines upper limit of organisms in each zone "you cant live outside of your environment"
abyssal plains: flat or very gently sloping areas of the deep ocean basin floor, 40% of oceans floor, near some "atlantic" type amrgins
bivalves and barnacles: have tightly closing valves that prevent water loss and large internal body cavities which hold seawater during times of exposure
continental rise: gently sloping depostional surface at the case of the continental slope
salinity =: 1.80555 X chlorinity
Yound Ocean Basins ( Juvenile): very yound rift and ridge systems. examples: gulf of california, red sea
rocky intertidal biotic zonation: typical along california coast
oceanic crust: basalt 5-8 km thick
antarctic bottom water: densest deep water. cold, dense water from sea ice formation in the weddell sea sinks and mixes with NADW
density of continental crust: 2.8
pneumatocysts: gas bladders or floats to maintain upright posture in macroalgae
oozes: deposits of the deep sea when they contain more than 30% biogenous material
pH=-log10(H+): 0-7= acid 7-14=base
pacific plate: moving northwest since the formaion of emperor chain
earthquakes: at convergent margins
formation of deep water is primarily due to: evaporation and the formation of sea ice
inner core: solid
buoyancy: a fluid will sink into the fluid until the mass of the displaced fluid exactly equals the total mass of the rigid body
abyssal hills: sediment covered, topography more gentle than ocean ridge flanks
sublittoral zone: subtidal, permanently submerged
decomposers: saprotrophs: consume wastes or dead organisms, return nutrients to the ocean eco system
boring into rock: effective in sheilding some species like the rock-boring clams, sea urchins, and chitons from waves.
mid ocean ridge and rise systen: 60, 000 km long, width is 500-1500 km, high heat flow, stands high due to low density
calcareous oozes: many marine organisms construct skeletons of the calcium carbonate mineral calicite.
western boundary current: HOT- deflected by corolis and continints
submarine canyons: steep walled, v shaped valleys that incise into continental shelves and slopes and open out at a depth onto the continental rise. funnel turbidity currents and sediments from the continental shelf onto the deep ocean floor.
leverage between rocks: used by crabs and other arthopods, octopuses, and sea urchins, which wedge themselves into available openings
holoplankton: spend entire life as plankton
limpets and chitons: clamp down to avoid desiccation
apatite: a phosphate that is in contrast to aragonite, and is very stable mineral that dows not degrade easily under normal conditions.
add acid...: releases more H+
primary productivity: rate of phto synthetic production (grams of carbon per year)
intertidal zones: determined by the amount of time spent above water
autotrophs: make complex organic compounds from simple inorganics, often by photosynthesis (phytoplankton, bacteria, tube worms
eastern boundary current: COLD- defliected by coriolis and continents
density of mantle: 3.3
pelagic zone: water that is not near the bottom of a body of water
euphotic zone: primary production occurs here. 90% of marine life in this region
lithosphere: cool, rigid outer layer (crust and uppermantle) 100 km thick
diatoms: secrete pillbox- shaped tests of opal. whiteish sedimentary rock is composed of mostly these tests
calcite compensation depth: the depth below whcih carbonate stops accumulatingcalcite is a variable soluble salt in sea water. colder water can dissolve a greater amount of carbonate.
intraplate regions and hotspots: stationary plumes of magma erupt through a plate that is moving over it, forms chains of extinct voncanic islands terminating at the active (youngest) volcanic island ( hawaiian islands, emporer seamounts)
major ions in seawater: chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium
map: a representation of information about the surface of an abject.
biological interactions consist of..: predation, copetitition, adaptation
mesosphere: rigid layer (middle and lower mantle)
continental crust: granite 30-70 km thick
grain size from big to small: boulder, cobble, pebble, granule, sand, silt, clay, collodial
deep ocean circulation: caused by bouyancy forces (driving force is gravity)
density of water: 1.0
density of oceanic crust: 3.0
textural properties of sediments: grain size, grain shape, grain roundness
pteropods: has to do with calcareous oozes. easily dissolved by seawater and is not commonly preserved in deep- ocean sediments. aragonite oozes are only preserved in relatively shallow, warm, tropical water
turbidity currents: sediments episodically flow out
biological interactions: determines lower limit of organisms in each zone "you wont last long where your predator lives"
meridians of longidtude: great circles perpendicular to the equator that intersect at the poles. these measure angles ease and west of the prime meridian
photic zone: 100- 300 m. most plankton live within or just below
gastropods (snails and limpets): vacuum suction with a muscular foot
structural features of macroalgae: blade, pneumatocyst, stipe, holdfast (whole thing is called Frond)
zooplankton contributing to deep sea oozes: foraminiferans, radiolarians
rock: supports the highest diversity and abundance. tide pools, crevices, overhangs, exposed surfaces, protectedsurfaces, etc.
coccolithophores: numerous circular plates, produce skeletons of caco3
heat flow is high at...: volcanic arcs
terrigeounous sediments: sediments derives from weathering of the continents or from colcanic activity (volcanogenic sediments). Erosion by rain, rivers, glaciers (glacial marine sediments) delivers sediments where they are deposited
parallels of latitude: small circless parallel to the equator. these mark andgles measures from the center of the earth to points abot and below the equator.
fan shaped sediment deposits: merge to form the continental rise which also merges with the abyssal plains
coastline of north america is especially diverse becasue: upwelling, commplete freedom from winter sea ice, low diversity of herbivorous fish speicies allows algae to grow in abundance, thuse supporting large numbers of intervertabrate herbivores
transform plate margins: boundary where two plates are moving in parallel, but but opposing directions; low heat flow, shallow earthquakes (san andreas fault)
maganese nodules: most common hydrogenous sediments, deep sea floor in regions of slow sedimentation
east pacific rise: moving from east to west
biogenous sedments are found...: deep sea. which consistsmostly of "tests" of sigle celled, microscopic organisms comprising of the plankton,
intermediate earthquake: 30-400 km
pure water: equal amounts of H+ and OH- and is therefore neautral
green Algae (chlorophyta): more common along rocky coasts of california than other macro algae. anscestor gave rise to terrestrial plants, clostest relation to terrestrial plants, cell walls made of cellulose, can overgrow and kill coral reefs
predation: sea stars/mussels, sea otters/sea urchins, sea urchins/kelp
ridge transforms: faults oriented perpendicualr to the axes of mid ocean ridges, off setting ridge axes. the transform fault between offset ridges is seismically active. seismically inactive fracture zones extend away from the ridge segments. ridge transforms are associated with shallow forcus seismic activity
genetic classifications: distinguish sedimetns according to the process by which they originate ( biological, chemical, physical)
theory of isostasy: suggests that the earth consists of clocks of rigid lithosphere, which are "floating in isostatic equilibrium on a plastic region of earth
anemones: vacuum suction with their basal disk
new lithospheric material is created at..: midocean ridges, where it moves outwards due to sea floor spreading
equator: great circle around the earth that includes all points equally distant from the poles
polarity: it has a positive charge on one end and a negative on the other. this makes it a very powerful solvent
increase salinity: evaporation and formation of ice (removing pure water)
phytoplankton contributing to deep sea oozes: diatoms, coccolithophore
sinistral: left lateral
north atlantic deep water: forms near greenland; evaporation and cooling auses surface waterto sink and flow south
grand banks earthquake: a classic example of sediments deposited by turbidity currents are often triggered by earthquakes.
sea anemones and sea urchins: secrete mucus and cover themselves with shells, sand grans, or dead algae to slow desiccation and reflect sunlight. retract their tentacles and moutha t low tide to minimize surface area
oceanic ridge and rise system: shallow earthquakes, high heat flow, volcanic activity, examples are: mid atlantic ridge, east pacific rise
cobbles: support species hardy enough to resist the action of collididng cobble in the surf. diversity and abundances are low
water has....: high latent heats of melting and boiling (phase changes require a lot of energy). high heat capacity
cruststaceans: rock lice and crabs.. actively seek cool, shaded moist environments during the day under boulders within crivices to slow desiccation
littoral zone: submergence time influenced by tides
subduction: when lithospheric material is ultimately destroyed
echinoids: another word for sea urchins.. move into tide pools
mussels: close up when the tide goes down
continenets average elevation: 840 meters
hydrothermal sediment: produced at mid ocean ridges. cold sea water percolates through ifssures near the ridge crest. this waster is then heated by hot rocks under the ridge, and it leaches metal out of the basaltic oceanis crust. hydrothemal fluids then flow back out of the ridge through fissures and vents
vertical exaggeration: horizontal scale divided by the vertical scale
physical conditions consist of..: waves, exposure times, heat and cold, substrate, available space
contours: lines drawn on a figure that connect data of equal value (temp, depth, hight, pressure)
boulder: greater than 25 cm
core: most dense layer composed primarily of iron
extrapolation: when we predict values outside the range of plotted points
continenetal slope: relatively steeply sloping surface seaward of the continental shelf
cosmogenous: inorganis sediments that originate by the accumulation of material from outer space.
cross sections: allow us to view profiles of the earth's surface from the side
glacial marine sediments: ice refted debris
ocean ocean convergence: subduction of one oceanic plate beneath another. older, colder plate is subducted under younger, warmer one. associated with deep trenches and volcanic island arcs that are parallel to the trench (tonga, aleutians)

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