Nath UMT Chapter Two - Anatomical & Physiological Terminology - Key Terms
Terms
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- anatomy
- The study of the physical body structure.
- morphology
- Form of a body part or the study of the structure of something.
- cytology
- The branch of biology that studies cells.
- embryology
- The study of the embryo and its development.
- gross anatomy
- The study of the body that does not require magnification.
- histology
- The study of tissues, including cells and organs.
- pathology
- The scientific study of disease.
- physiology
- The study of body function.
- organism
- A living individual.
- cell
- The smallest unit of life.
- cell membrane
- The barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm.
- hydrophilic
- Capable of attracting water; water loving.
- hydrophobic
- Unable to attract water; water fearing.
- organelle
-
Specialized cellular structure.
A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function. - ribosomes
- Sites of protein synthesis with the cytoplasm.
- mitochondria
- Organelles that make and store ATP.
- nucleus
- Cellular center tat contains DNA and the nucleolus
- nucleolus
- Center of the nucleus that contains RNA.
- ATP
- Adenosine triphosphate: An important carrier of energy in cells in the body and a compound that is important in the synthesis (the making) of RNA.
- DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid. One of two types of molecules that encode genetic information.
- RNA
- Short for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid molecule similar to DNA but containing ribose rather than deoxyribose.
- tissue
- The aggregation of similar cells.
- organ
- A body structure with a specific function. The eye, ear, heart, lungs, and liver.
- system
- The functional combination of organs.
- integumentary system
- The body system that serves a protective function.
- skeletal system
- The body system that functions in protection, support,and movement.
- muscular system
- The body system responsible for movement.
- endocrine system
- The body system that secretes hormones and interacts with the nervous system.
- digestive system
- The body system that processes and regulates food.
- respiratory system
- The body system involved with gas exchange.
- cardiovascular system
- The body system that transports substances in the blood.
- lymphatic system
- The body system reponsible for fluid transportation.
- immune system
- The body system responsible for body defense
- urinary system
- The body system involved with excretion, secretion, and filtration.
- reproductive system
- The body system concerned with human development and continuation
- membrane
- A thin tissue layer surrounding a body part
- serous membranes
- Cavity-lining membranes that secrete a watery fluid.
- serosa
- Serous membrane
- pleural membranes
- Membranes associated with the lungs.
- peritoneal membranes
- Membranes associated with the abdominal cavity.
- peritoneum
-
Peritoneal membranes.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs. - parietal
- Forming or situated on a body wall.
- visceral
- Pertaining to the organs.
- mesentery
- Peritoneal folds that attach abdominal organs to the abominal wall.
- pericardial membranes
- Membranes associated with the heart.
- somatotype
- Body structure.
- endomorph
- Fat body type.
- mesomorph
- Heavily muscled body type.
- ectomorph
- Thin body type.
- anatomic position
- The pose in which a person is facing forward, standing erect, with the hands at the side and palms turned outward in the supine position.
- axial
- The body portion consisting of head, neck, and torso.
- appendicular
- The body portion consisting of the arms and legs.
- supine
- Lying face up.
- prone
- Lying face down.
- posterior
- Toward the human back side.
- anterior
- Toward the human front side.
- cranial cavity
- The space occupied by the brain.
- vertebral cavity
- The space occupied by the spinal cord.
- thoracic cavity
- Space occupied by the lungs, heart, and trachea.
- mediastinum
-
Space in the middle of the chest.
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large veins and arteries, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes. - abdominopelvic cavity
- Combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
- abdominal cavity
- The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor.
- pelvic cavity
- The space within the bony pelvis.
- dorsal
- back side
- ventral
- anterior, belly side
- caudal
-
toward the tail
An anatomic term meaning
1. Pertaining to the tail or the hind part.
2. Situated in or directed toward the tail or hind part. 3. Inferior to another structure, in the sense of being below it. - cephalic
- toward or pertaining to the head
- inferior
- Lower than another part.
- superior
- Higher than another part.
- deep
- Away from the surface.
- superficial
- Pertaining to the surface.
- proximal
- Toward the point of origin.
- distal
- Farther from the point of origin.
- lateral
- Pertaining to the side.
- contralateral
- Situated on opposite side
- ipsilateral
- Situated on opposite side.
- medial
- Toward the midline.
- intermediate
- Between two structures.
- peripheral
- Outward or near the surface.
- quadrants
- Four regions of the abdominopelvic area
- regions
- Nine areas of the abdominopelvic cavity
- epigastric region
- Upper middle part between the two hypochondriac regions.
- left hypochondriac region
- Left upper lateral region below the lower ribs,
- right hypochondriac region
- Right upper lateral region below the lower ribs.
- umbilical region
- Middle region below the epigastric region and above the pubic region.
- left lumbar region
- To the left side of the umbilical region.
- right lumbar region
- To the right side of the umbilical region.
- hypogastric region
- Pubic region.
- left inguinal region
- Left lower region beside the pubic region.
- right inguinal region
- Right lower region beside the pubic region.