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Nath UMT Chapter Two - Anatomical & Physiological Terminology - Key Terms

Terms

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anatomy
The study of the physical body structure.
morphology
Form of a body part or the study of the structure of something.
cytology
The branch of biology that studies cells.
embryology
The study of the embryo and its development.
gross anatomy
The study of the body that does not require magnification.
histology
The study of tissues, including cells and organs.
pathology
The scientific study of disease.
physiology
The study of body function.
organism
A living individual.
cell
The smallest unit of life.
cell membrane
The barrier that surrounds the cytoplasm.
hydrophilic
Capable of attracting water; water loving.
hydrophobic
Unable to attract water; water fearing.
organelle
Specialized cellular structure.
A differentiated structure within a cell, such as a mitochondrion, vacuole, or chloroplast, that performs a specific function.
ribosomes
Sites of protein synthesis with the cytoplasm.
mitochondria
Organelles that make and store ATP.
nucleus
Cellular center tat contains DNA and the nucleolus
nucleolus
Center of the nucleus that contains RNA.
ATP
Adenosine triphosphate: An important carrier of energy in cells in the body and a compound that is important in the synthesis (the making) of RNA.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid. One of two types of molecules that encode genetic information.
RNA
Short for ribonucleic acid, a nucleic acid molecule similar to DNA but containing ribose rather than deoxyribose.
tissue
The aggregation of similar cells.
organ
A body structure with a specific function. The eye, ear, heart, lungs, and liver.
system
The functional combination of organs.
integumentary system
The body system that serves a protective function.
skeletal system
The body system that functions in protection, support,and movement.
muscular system
The body system responsible for movement.
endocrine system
The body system that secretes hormones and interacts with the nervous system.
digestive system
The body system that processes and regulates food.
respiratory system
The body system involved with gas exchange.
cardiovascular system
The body system that transports substances in the blood.
lymphatic system
The body system reponsible for fluid transportation.
immune system
The body system responsible for body defense
urinary system
The body system involved with excretion, secretion, and filtration.
reproductive system
The body system concerned with human development and continuation
membrane
A thin tissue layer surrounding a body part
serous membranes
Cavity-lining membranes that secrete a watery fluid.
serosa
Serous membrane
pleural membranes
Membranes associated with the lungs.
peritoneal membranes
Membranes associated with the abdominal cavity.
peritoneum
Peritoneal membranes.
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers most of the abdominal organs.
parietal
Forming or situated on a body wall.
visceral
Pertaining to the organs.
mesentery
Peritoneal folds that attach abdominal organs to the abominal wall.
pericardial membranes
Membranes associated with the heart.
somatotype
Body structure.
endomorph
Fat body type.
mesomorph
Heavily muscled body type.
ectomorph
Thin body type.
anatomic position
The pose in which a person is facing forward, standing erect, with the hands at the side and palms turned outward in the supine position.
axial
The body portion consisting of head, neck, and torso.
appendicular
The body portion consisting of the arms and legs.
supine
Lying face up.
prone
Lying face down.
posterior
Toward the human back side.
anterior
Toward the human front side.
cranial cavity
The space occupied by the brain.
vertebral cavity
The space occupied by the spinal cord.
thoracic cavity
Space occupied by the lungs, heart, and trachea.
mediastinum
Space in the middle of the chest.
The area between the lungs. The organs in this area include the heart and its large veins and arteries, the trachea, the esophagus, the bronchi, and lymph nodes.
abdominopelvic cavity
Combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities.
abdominal cavity
The space between the diaphragm and the pelvic floor.
pelvic cavity
The space within the bony pelvis.
dorsal
back side
ventral
anterior, belly side
caudal
toward the tail
An anatomic term meaning
1. Pertaining to the tail or the hind part.
2. Situated in or directed toward the tail or hind part. 3. Inferior to another structure, in the sense of being below it.
cephalic
toward or pertaining to the head
inferior
Lower than another part.
superior
Higher than another part.
deep
Away from the surface.
superficial
Pertaining to the surface.
proximal
Toward the point of origin.
distal
Farther from the point of origin.
lateral
Pertaining to the side.
contralateral
Situated on opposite side
ipsilateral
Situated on opposite side.
medial
Toward the midline.
intermediate
Between two structures.
peripheral
Outward or near the surface.
quadrants
Four regions of the abdominopelvic area
regions
Nine areas of the abdominopelvic cavity
epigastric region
Upper middle part between the two hypochondriac regions.
left hypochondriac region
Left upper lateral region below the lower ribs,
right hypochondriac region
Right upper lateral region below the lower ribs.
umbilical region
Middle region below the epigastric region and above the pubic region.
left lumbar region
To the left side of the umbilical region.
right lumbar region
To the right side of the umbilical region.
hypogastric region
Pubic region.
left inguinal region
Left lower region beside the pubic region.
right inguinal region
Right lower region beside the pubic region.

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