Chapter 11 vocab
Terms
undefined, object
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- motives
- internal states that arouse and direct behavior toward specific objects or goals
- needs
- states of tension within a person
- hierarchy of needs
- individual's various needs can be thought of as existing at different levels of strength
- dynamic
- refers to the mutual influence of forces within a person ex. interaction of various motives within a person
- press
- need-relevant aspects of the environment
- alpha press
- objective reality
- beta press
- reality as it is perceived
- apperception
- the act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- set of black and white images which are ambiguous and the participant is asked to describe what is going on, the psychologist codes for presence of various types of imagery associated with particular motives
- state levels
- refer to a person's momentary amount of a specific need, which can fluctuate with specific circumstances
- Multi-Motive Grind
- combines features of the TAT with features of self-report questionnaires
- implicit motivation
- based on needs, such as for achievement, power and intimacy
- self-attributed motivation
- explicit; McClelland argues reflects primarily a person's self-awareness of his or her own conscious motives or normative beliefs about desirable goals and modes of conduct
- need for achievement
- desire to do better, to be successful and to feel content
- independence training
- parents can behave in ways that promote autonomy and independence in their children
- need for power
- Winter, readiness or preference for having an impact on other people
- responsibility training
- the opportunity to care for others or being responsible for yourself
- power stress
- when high need for power people do not get their way, they are likely to show a high stress response
- need for intimacy
- preference for warm, close and communicative interaction with others
- humanistic tradition
- emphasis on conscious awareness of needs, choice and personal responsibility
- physiological needs
- base of Maslow's hierarchy, important to immediate survival ex. food, water, air, sleep
- safety needs
- second level of Maslow's hierarchy, shelter and security
- belongingness needs
- third level of Maslow's hierarchy, need to belong to groups and be accepted by others, humans are social creatures
- esteem needs
- fourth level in Maslow's hierarchy, esteem from others (getting respect) and self-esteem
- self-actualization need
- pinnacle of Maslow's hierarchy, need to develop one's potential, to become the person you were meant to be
- flow
- subjective state that people report when they are completely involved in something to the point of forgetting time, fatigue and everything else but the activity itself
- fully functioning person
- the person who is on his or her way toward self-actualization
- positive regard
- all children are born wanting to be loved and accepted by their parents and others
- conditions of worth
- requirements set forth by parents or significant others for earning their positive regard
- conditional positive regard
- positive regard that must be earned by meeting certain conditions
- unconditional positive regard
- when parents and significant others accept the child without conditions, communicating that they love and value the child simply because they exist
- positive self-regard
- when you accept yourself for who you are, even with weaknesses and shortcomings
- anxiety
- according to Rogers is the result of having an experience that does not fit with one's self-conception
- distortion
- Rogers emphasized this defense mechanism, modify their experience rather than their self-image to reduce the threat of a situation
- emotional intelligence
- ability to know one's emotions, ability to regulate those emotions, ability to motivate oneself, ability to know how others are feeling and the ability to influence how others are feeling
- client-centered therapy
- Roger's therapy, the client is never given an interpretation of his or her problem, nor are they given any direction on how to solve the problem, therapist makes no attempts to change the client, the therapist tries to create the right conditions in which the client can change him or herself
- core conditions
- for client-centered therapy, must be present for progress to occur, 1. genuine acceptance 2. unconditional positive regard 3. empathic understanding
- empathy
- understanding the other person from his or her point of view