Old Chapter - Biology Review as of 12/10
Terms
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copy deck
- What does GRAS stand for?
- Generally Recognized as Safe
- How much of Paraquat is a lethal dose?
- 35mg/kg
- Definition - amount of chemical that gets into the organism
- Term - Dose
- Definition - occurs when chemicals come in contact with the guts, lungs, skin.
- Term - Exposure
- What are the 3 routes of exposure?
- Guts, lungs, skin
- What are the two types of durations of exposure?
- Acute exposure and chronic exposure
-
'D(dose) x T(exposure time) = a constant'
is who's law? - Haber
- What are the formal names of the 3 routes of exposure?
- dermal, ingestion, inhalation
- Definition - Tissue that covers or lines the body?
- Epithelial tissue
- What is the field of math that studies surfaces?
- Topography
- What is the top layer of the skin?
- Apical layer
- How much water woiuld you lose per day if you did not have waterproof skin?
- 20 liters
- What organ makes bile?
- Liver
- What organ stores bile?
- Gall bladder
- What layer of the skin does mitosis?
- Basal layer
- Definition - No blood vessels
- Term - avascular
- Definition - tissure with many layers
- Term - stratified
- Which route of exposure is the slowest?
- Dermal route
- WHich vitamins are not water soluble?
- vitamins A, D, E
- Which element is most radioactive and is concentrated in bones?
- Strontium 90
- Where do proteins start to be digested?
- Stomach
- What is the only thing that can get into the body proper through the stomach?
- Alcohol
- How long is the small intestine?
- 20 ft. long
- which organ sucks out all of the water?
- colon / large intestine
- How much of defecation is bacteria?
- 50%
- What is the "flap" that determines if something goes into the lungs of stomach?
- Epiglottos
- How many chambers does the heart have?
- 4
- What does PCB stand for?
- polychlorinated biphenyls
- 97% of Michigan's residents have traces of what in their fat tissue?
- polybrominated biphenyls (PBB)
- Term - Storing up in a single person over many years.
- Bioaccumulation
- 3 ways herbicides do their "dirty work"
-
1) prevents photosynthesis
2) attacks electron transport system
3) makes radicals - What does the GRAS list contain?
- chemicals that can be put into your food
- how many items are on the GRAS list?
- approx. 3000
- GRAS stands for
- Generally Reconized As Safe
- how many chemicals are in common use today?
- 60000-70000
- A single exposure lasting only a few hours is a ______
- acute exposure
- ______ is the amt. of substance that starts producing an adverse effect in an organism
- threshhold dose
- _____ is the actual shape of a human being
- Torus
- This is how most chemicals enter the body.
- diffusion across surface
- the two different kinds of cholesterol are...
-
HDL (high density lipoprotien, good one)
LDL (low density lipoprotien, bad one) - ______ = equal amt. on both sides
- equilibrium
- ________ do not have cholesterol
- plants
- Diet and exercize can only get rid of _____ of cholesterol
- 20%
- cell suicide is refered to as _________
- apoptosis
- two jobs of chloesterol is to...
-
1) act as a barrior
2) prevents Phospholipid bilayer from hardening - ______ is the chemical in skin that causes the cell to kill itself
- keratin
- real name for the voice box
- larynx
- _____________ hold the trachea tube open
- cartilage rings
- strontium 90 takes the place of _______ in the _____
- calcium, bones
- _________ is the critical ingrediant in the hormone thyroxine
- iodine
- dose is more harmfil to babies than adults because...
-
1) lack P450
2) dose is more concentrated
3) broader affect on cells - lifetime acquisition of toxins retained in the body is...
- bioaccumulation
- when biotransformation works we call it...
- detoxification
- the kidney is surrounded by the ...
- adapose capsule
- ______ carries urine out of the body
- urethra
- _________ induced his ______ and had a great affect over Czar Nicholas and Alexandria
- Rasputin, P450 cytochromes
- _____ adds -OH to toxic metabolites
- P450 cytochrome
- I-131 concentrates in the _______
- thyroid
- _______ is the hormone that sets your basal metabolic rate
- thyroxine
- An example of a lipid-solube toxin is...
- LSD metabolites, nicotine/birth control patch
- condition thats produces a goiter
- hyopthyroidism
- when biotransformation doesnt work
- activation
- tubes leading from the kidney to the urinary bladder
- ureters
- main artery that carries blood away from the heart
- aorta
- ______ is added to try and make the toxic metabolite polar
-
COOH (acidic)
NH2 (basic) - during the 1970's virutally everyong in MI was contaminated by ______ through what means?
- PBB's, livestock feed
- _____ - name of the drug which stimulates thyroxine
- synthroid
- lipid-soluble compound ___ is always produced by the bleaching process of paper. Toxic in parts to ______.
- TCDD's (dioxins), billion
- condition that can produce exophthalmos.
- hyperthyroidism
- the first biomagnification strategy listed in the notes is ___
- hydrolysis
- _________ - sits on top of the kidney even through it has nothing to do with the kidneys
- adrenal gland
- _____ - blood vessel which enters the kidney bringing it fresh blood from the heart
- Renal Artery
- x linked disorders hapen to more men than women because...
- men only get one x chromosome, if its a bad one than your screwed
- nutrients are absorbed in the digestive system in the ...
- Small Intestine
- Makes bile
- Liver
- where amalose is first produced
- salivary gland
- absorbs water from the food passing
- Large Intestine
- Longest section of the digestive tract
- Small Intestine - 20ft.
- esophagus
- passage from mouth to stomach
- produced mixture of hydrolizing enzymes
- pancreas
- bile is stored in this
- gall bladder
- protien digestion begins in the...
- stomach
- the function of bile is...
- emolsify oily fats
- molecule that can be absorbed through stomach
- alcohol