PE Vocab
Terms
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- Wellness
- Optimal health and vitality, encompassing physical, emotional, intellectual, spiritual, interpersonal and social, and environmental well-being.
- Infectious Disease
- A disease that is communicable from one person to another; caused by invading microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
- Chronic Disease
- A disease that develops and continues over a long period of time; usually caused by a variety of factors, including lifestyles factors.
- Physical Fitness
- A set of physical attributes that allows the body to respond or adapt to the demands and stress of physical effort.
- Unintentional Injury
- An injury that occurs without harm being intended.
- Target Behavior
- An isolated behavior selected as the object for a behavior change program.
- Self-Efficacy
- The belief in one's ability to take action and perform a specific behavior.
- Locus of Control
- The figurative "place" a person designates as the source of responsibility for the events in his or her life.
- Physical Activity
- Any body movement carried out by the skeletal muscles and requiring energy.
- Exercise
- Planned, structured, repetitive movement of the body designed to improve or maintain physical fitness.
- Health-Related Fitness
- Physical capacities that contribute to health: cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, and body composition.
- Cardiorespiratory Endurance
- The ability of the body to perform prolonged, large-muscle, dynamic exercise at moderate-to-high levels of intensity.
- Muscular Strength
- The amount of force a muscle can produce with a single maximum effort.
- Metabolism
- The sum of all the vital processes by which food energy and nutrients are made available to and used by the body.
- Muscular Endurance
- The ability of a muscle or group of muscles to remain contracted (sustain a level of muscular force) or to contract repeatedly.
- Flexibility
- The range of motion in a joint or group of joints.
- Body Composition
- The proportion of fat and fat-free mass (muscle, bone, and water) in the body.
- Fat-Free Mass
- The nonfat component of the human body, consisting of skeletal muscle, bone, and water.
- Skill-Related Fitness
- Physical capacities that contribute to performance in a sport or activity: speed, power, agility, balance, coordination, and reaction time.
- Physical Training
- The performance of different types of activities that cause the body to adapt and improve its level of fitness.
- Specificity
- The training principle that the body adapts to the particular type and amount of stress placed on it.
- Progressive Overload
- The training principle that placing increasing amounts of stress on the body causes adaptations that improve fitness.
- Reversibility
- The training principle that fitness improvements are lost when demands on the body are lowered.
- Exercise Stress Test
- Used to determine if any heart disease is present and to assess current fitness level.
- Graded Exercise Test (GXT)
- An exercise test that starts at an easy intensity and progresses to maxiumum capacity.
- Overtraining
- A condition caused by training too much or too intensely, characterized by lack of energy, decreased physical performance, fatigue, depression, aching muscles and joints, and susceptibility to injury.
- Pulmonary circulation
- The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the lungs; controlled by the right side of the heart.
- Systemic Circulation
- The part of the circulatory system that moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body; controlled by the left side of the heart.
- Atria
- The two upper chambers of the heart in which blood collects before passing to the ventricles; also called auricles.
- Venae Cavae
- The large veins through which blood is returned to the right atrium of the heart.
- Ventricles
- The two lower chambers of the heart from which blood flows through arteries to the lungs and other parts of the body.
- Aorta
- The large artery that receives blood from the left ventricle and distributes it ot the body.
- Systole
- contraction of the heart
- Diastole
- Relaxation of the heart
- Blood Pressure
- The force exerted by the blood on the walls of the blood vessels; created by the pumping action of the heart. Blood pressure increases during systole and decreases during diastole.
- Veins
- Vessels that carry blood to the heart.
- Arteries
- Vessles that carry blood away from the heart.
- Capillaries
- Very small blood vessels that distribute blood to all parts of the body.
- Respiratory System
- The lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles; supplies oxygen to the body and carries off carbon dioxide.
- Alveoli
- Tiny air sacs in the lungs through whose walls gases such as oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse in and out of blood.
- Cardiac Output
- The amount of blood pumped by the heart each minute; a function of heart rate and stroke volume (the amount of blood pumped during each beat).
- Glucose
- A simple sugar that circulates in the blood and can be used by cells to fuel adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production.
- Glycogen
- A complex carbohydrate stored principally in the liver and skeletal muscles; the major fuel source during most forms of intense exercise. Glycogen is the storage form of glucose.
- Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
- Energy source for cellular processes.
- Immediate (explosive) Energy System
- Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of cellular stores of ATP and creatine phosphate (CP).
- Nonoxidative (anaerobic) Energy System
- Energy system that supplies energy to muscle cells through the breakdown of muscle stores of glucose and glycogen; also called the anaerobic system or the lactic acid system because chemical reasctions take place without oxygen and produce lactic acid.
- Anaerobic
- Occurring in the absence of oxygen.
- Lactic Acid
- A metabolic acid resulting from the metabolism of glucose and glycogen; an important source of fuel for many tissues of the body, its accumulation may produce fatigue.
- Aerobic
- Dependent on the presence of oxygen.
- Lipoproteins
- substances in blood, classified according to size, density, and chemical composition, that transport fats.
- Endorphins
- Substances resembling morphine that are secreted by the brain and that decrease pain, suppress fatigue, and produce euphoria.
- Neurotransmitters
- Brain chemicals that transmitnerve impulses.
- Heart Rate Reserve
- The difference between maximum heart rate and resting heart rate; used in one method for calculating target heart rate range.
- Ratings of Perceived Exertion (RPE)
- A system of monitoring exercise intensity based on assigning a number to the subjective perception of target intensity.
- Synovial Fluid
- Fluid produced within many joints that provides lubrication and nutrients for the joints.
- Muscle Fiber
- A single muscle cell, usually classified according to strength, speed of contraction, and energy source.
- Myofibrils
- Protein structures that make up muscle fibers.
- Hypertrophy
- An increase in the size of a muscle fiber, usually stimulated by muscular overload.
- Atrophy
- A decrease in the size of muscle cells.
- Power
- The ability to exert force rapidly.
- Motor Unit
- A motor nerve (one that initiates movement) connected to one or more muscle fibers.
- Tendon
- A tough band of fibrous tissue that connects a muscle to a bone or other body part and transmits the force exerted by the muscle.
- Ligament
- A tough band of tissue that connects the ends of bones to other bones or supports organs in place.
- Testosterone
- The principle male hormone.
- Static (isometric) Exercise
- Exercise involving a muscle contraction without a change in the length of the muscle.
- Dynamic (isotonic) Exercise
- Exercise involving a muscle contraction witha change in the length of the muscle.
- Concentric Muscle Contraction
- An isotonic contraction in which the muscle gets shorter as it contracts.
- Eccentric Muscle Contraction
- An isotonic contraction in which the muscle lengthens as it contracts; also called a pliometric contraction.
- Isokinetic
- The application of force at a constant speed against an equal force.
- Joint Capsules
- Semielastic stuctures, composed primarily of connective tissue, that surround major joints.
- Soft tissues
- Tissues of the human body that include skin, fat, linings of internal organs and blood vessels, connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, muscles, and nerves.
- Collagen
- White fibers that provide structure and support in connective tissue.
- Elastin
- Yellow fibers that make connective tissue flexible.
- Titin
- A filament in muscle that helps align proteins that cause muscle contraction; titin has elastic properties and also plays a role in flexibility.
- Stretch Receptors
- Senseorgans in skeletal muscles that initiate a nerve signal to the spinal cord in response to a stretch; a contraction follows.
- Vertobrae
- Bony segments composing the spinal column that provide structural support for the body and protect the spinal cord.
- Intervertebral Disk
- An elastic disk located between adjoining vertebrae consisting of a gel- and water-filled nucleus surrounded by fibrous rings; it serves as a shock absorber for the spinal column.
- Nerve Root
- Base of one of the 31 pairs of spinal nerves that branch off the spinal cord through spaces between vertebrae.
- Adipose Tissue
- Connective tissue in which fat is stored.
- Amenorrhea
- Absent or infrequent menstruation, sometimes related to low levels of body fat and excessive quantity or intensity of exercise.
- Female Athlete Triad
- A condition consisting of three interrelated disorders: abnormal eating patters followed by lack of menstrual periods and decreased bone density.
- Body Mass Index
- A measure of relative body weight correlating highly with more direct measures of body fat, calculated by dividing total body weight (in kilograms) by the square of body height (in meters).