Anatomy Chapter 1: Body Orientation
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Gross anatomy
- Study of visible/macroscopic anatomy
- Cytology
- Study of cells
- Histology
- Study of tissues
- Principle of Complementarity of Structure and Function
- What a structure can do depends on its specific form.
- Levels of Structural Organization
- chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
- Cell
- Smallest unit of living things
- Tissue
- Groups of similar cells that have a common function
- Types of Tissue
-
Epithelium (covering/lining)
Muscle (movement)
Connective (support/protection)
Nervous (rapid internal communication) - Organ
- A discrete structure composed of at least two tissue types that performs a specific function for the body
- Necessary Life Functions
- Maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness/irritability, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth
- Metabolism
- All chemical reactions that occur within body cells
- Organ Systems (name)
- Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
- Integumentary System
-
Forms the external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, sit of cutaneous receptors/sweat and oil glands, synthesizes vitamin D
Contains: Hair, skin, nails - Skeletal system
-
Protects and supports body organs, provides a framework the muscles use to cause movement, stores minerals; blood cells form within bones
Contains: bones, cartilage, joints, ligaments, tendons - Muscular System
-
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, expression, maintains posture, produces heat
Contains: muscles - Nervous System
-
Fast-acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands
Contains: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors - Endocrine System
-
Glands secrete hormones that regulate body cell processes
Contains: Pineal glands, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes - Cardiovascular System
-
Transport blood, carry nutrients/wastes/oxygen to the body
Contains: heart, blood vessels - Lymphatic System
-
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses lymphocytes, involved in immunity
Contains: red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue - Respiratory System
-
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes CO2
Contains: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, lungs, bronchi - Digestive System
-
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
Contains: oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, accessory structures (teeth, salivary glands, liver, pancreas) - Urinary System
-
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water/electrolytes/pH
Contains: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra - Reproductive System
-
Production of offspring.
Male: prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus deferens
Female: mammary glands, ovaries, uterus, vagina, uterine tubes - Organismal Survival Needs
- Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, atmospheric pressure
- Homeostasis
- A dynamic state of equilibrium within relatively narrow limits
- Components of Homeostatic Control Mechanisms (name)
- Receptor, control centre, effector
- Receptor
- Sensor that monitors the environment and responds to stimuli by sending input to the next component
- Control Centre
- Determines the set point. Analyzes the input it receives and determines the appropriate course of action.
- Effector
- Provides the means for the control centre's response to the stimulus
- Afferent Pathway
- Leads toward the CNS
- Efferent Pathway
- Leads away from the CNS (output)
- Negative Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
-
Mechanism which causes the variable to change in a direction opposite to that of the initial change, returning it to its "ideal" value
Examples: regulation of body temperature, regulation of blood sugar levels - Positive Feedback Mechanism (also give examples)
-
Mechanism that causes the variable to change in the same direction as the initial disturbance, causing it to deviate further from the original value. Also called "cascade."
Example: labour contractions, blood clotting - Anatomical Position
- The anatomical reference point for standard body position. The body is erect with the feet only slightly apart, the palms facing forward with the thumbs pointing away from the body.
- Superior
- Toward the head; above
- Inferior
- Away from the head end; below
- Anterior/Ventral
- Toward the front of the body; in front of
- Posterior/Dorsal
- Toward the back of the body; behind
- Medial
- Toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
- Lateral
- Away from the midline of th body; on the outer side of
- Intermediate
- Located between a more medial and a more lateral structure
- Proximal
- Closer to the attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Distal
- Further from the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
- Superficial/External
- Toward or at the body surface
- Deep/Internal
- Away from the body surface; more internal
- Nasal
- nose
- Oral
- mouth
- Cervical
- neck
- Acromial
- the very top point of the shoulder
- Axillary
- armpit
- Abdominal
- abdomen
- Brachial
- upper arm
- Antecubital
- anterior elbow
- Antebrachial
- forearm
- Pelvic
- pelvis
- Carpal
- wrist
- Pollex
- thumb
- Palmar
- palm
- Digital
- fingers/toes
- Pubic
- genital
- Patellar
- anterior knee
- Crural
- Anterior leg (shin region)
- Pedal
- foot
- Tarsal
- ankle
- Frontal
- forehead
- Orbital
- eye
- Buccal
- cheek
- Mental
- chin
- Sternal
- breastbone
- Thoracic
- chest
- Mammary
- breast
- Umbilical
- navel
- Coxal
- hip
- Inguinal
- groin
- Femoral
- thigh
- Fibular/Peroneal
- side of leg
- Hallux
- big toe
- Cephalic
- head
- Upper Extremity
- arm
- Manus
- hand
- Lower Extremity
- leg
- Otic
- ear
- Occipital
- Back of head and base of skull
- Vertebral
- spinal column
- Scapular
- shoulder blade
- Dorsum/Dorsal
- back
- Olecranal
- posterior elbow
- Lumbar
- lower back, lateral to spine (also called "loin")
- Sacral
- between hips (butt crack and slightly above)
- Gluteal
- buttocks
- Perineal Region
- region between anus and external genitalia (pelvic floor)
- Popliteal
- Posterior knee
- Sural
- calf
- Calcaneal
- heel
- Plantar
- sole of foot
- Axial Components (name)
- head, neck, trunk
- Appendicular Components (name)
- limbs, limb origins, pelvis
- Sagittal Plane
- vertical plane dividing into left and right parts
- Median/Midsagittal Plane
- sagittal plane through midline of body
- Parasagittal Plane
- sagittal plane offset from the midline
- Frontal/Coronal Plane
- vertical plane dividing into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse Plane/Horizontal Plane/Cross-Section
- horizontal plane which divides the body into superior and inferior parts
- Oblique Section
- cuts made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes
- Dorsal Body Cavity
-
Protects the organs of the nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
Contains cranial and vertebral cavities - Cranial Cavity
-
cavity of the skull
contains: brain - Vertebral/Spinal Cavity
-
cavity within the vertebral column
contains: spinal cord - Ventral Body Cavity
- anterior body cavity containing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities, houses the visceral organs
- Viscera
- internal organs
- Thoracic Cavity
- cavity surrounded by the ribs and chest muscles, contains pleural and pericardial cavities
- Pleural Cavities
- cavities housing the lungs
- Superior Mediastinum
- cavity containing the esophagus and trachea within the thoracic cavity
- Pericardial Cavity/Medial Mediastinum
-
central thoracic cavity
contains: heart - Diaphragm
- thin muscle attached to the inferior boundary of the rib cage, important in breathing, separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
- Abdominopelvic Cavity
- inferior cavity of the body trunk, containing the abdominal and pelvic cavities
- Abdominal Cavity
-
superior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity
contains: stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, pancreas, large intestines, small intestines, greater omentum, mesentary - Pelvic Cavity
-
inferior cavity of the abdominopelvic cavity, within the bony pelvis
contains: urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs, rectum - Serous Membrane/Serosa
- double-layered membranes within the ventral body cavity
- Parietal Serosa
- membrane lining the cavity walls
- Visceral Serosa
- membrane covering the organs in the body cavity
- Serous Fluid
- lubricating fluid separating the serious membranes which allows the organs to slide without friction
- Umbilical Region
-
centermost abdominopelvic region, surrounding the navel
contains: large & small intestines - Epigastric Region
-
top-centre abdominopelvic region
contains: stomach, liver, small intestine, pancreas - Hypogastric/Pubic Region
-
bottom-centre abdominopelvic region
contains: urinary bladder, small intestine, appendix, large intestine - Right Iliac/Inguinal Region
-
bottom right abdominopelvic region
contains: small intestine, large intestine, appendix - Left Iliac/Inguinal Region
-
bottom left abdominopelvic region
contains: large & small intestine - Right Lumbar Region
-
middle right abdominopelvic region
contains: large and small intestines - Left Lumbar Region
-
middle left abdominopelvic region
contains: large & small intestines - Right Hypochondriac Region
-
top right abdominopelvic region
contains: liver, gall bladder, small intestine, large intestine - Left Hypochondriac Region
-
top left abdominopelvic region
contains: large intestine, small intestine, spleen, stomach - Abdominopelvic Regions (name)
- epigastric, R/L hypochondriac, umbilical, R/L lumbar, hypogastric/pubic, R/L iliac/inguinal
- Abdominopelvic Quadrants (name)
- R/L upper, R/L lower
- Oral Cavity
-
mouth cavity
contains: teeth, tongue - Digestive Cavity
- cavity containing the digestive organs, open at the anus
- Nasal Cavity
- cavity within and posterior to the nose, part of the respiratory system passageways
- Orbital Cavities
- cavities in the skull which house the eyes
- Middle Ear Cavities
-
cavities in the skull medial to the eardrums
contains: the bones involved in transmitting sound vibrations in the ear - Synovial Cavities
- joint cavities enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround the freely mobile joints of the body
- Cephalad/Cranial
- In quadrapeds: toward the head
- Caudal
- in quadrapeds: toward the tail
- Section
- A cut along a plane
- Peritoneum
- serosa lining in the abdominal cavity
- Pleura
- serosa lining in the pleural cavities
- Pericardium
- serosa lining in the pericardial cavity
- Thymus
- irregular mass of glandular tissue overlying the heart
- Heart
- medial oval structure enclosed within the pericardium
- Lungs
- inflatable ovoid structures flanking the heart
- Trachea
- tubelike "windpipe" running medially down the throat
- Bronchi
- two passageways that plunge laterally into the tissue of the lungs
- Esophagus
- the part of the digestive system that transports food from the pharynx (throat) to the stomach
- Stomach
- curved organ important in food digestion and temporary food storage
- Greater Omentum
- superficial structure of the abdominopelvic cavity, an extension of the peritoneum that covers the abdominal viscera
- Small Intestine
- digestive "tube" connected to the stomach and ending just before the saclike cecum
- Large Intestine
- large, muscular tube connected to the small intestine and ending at the anus
- Cecum
- initial portion of the large intestine, connected to the small intestine
- Rectum
- terminal part of the large intestine continuous with the anal canal
- Anus
- opening of the digestive tract through the anal canal to the exterior of the body
- Mesentery
- apronlike serous membrane which suspends many of the digestive organs in the abdominal cavity; contains many blood vessels and large fat deposits
- Pancreas
- diffuse gland which rests dorsal to and in the mesentery between the first portion of the small intestine and the stomach (posterior to the stomach)
- Spleen
- dark red organ curving around the left lateral side of the stomach; considered part of the lymphatic system and called the "RBC graveyard"
- Liver
- large, brown-red, most superior organ in the abdominal cavity located directly beneath the diaphragm
- Kidneys
- bean-shaped retroperitoneal organs
- Adrenal Glands
- large endocrine glands that sit astride the superior margin of each kidney
- Ureter
- tube running from the indented region of a kidney to the urinary bladder
- Urinary Bladder
- the sac that serves as a reservoir for urine, located in the pelvic cavity/pubic region
- Inferior Vena Cava
- large vein that returns blood to the heart from the lower regions of the body (runs up between the kidneys)
- Descending Aorta
- largest artery of the body, located deep to the inferior vena cava (runs between the kidneys), which carries blood away from the heart down the midline of the body
- Scrotum
- sac covering the testes
- Testes
- oval organ surrounded by the scrotum in which sperm are formed
- Ductus Deferens/Vas Deferens
- slender tube which carries sperm from the testes superiorly into the abdominal cavity and joins with the urethra
- Penis
- male external reproductive organ, extends from the bladder to the ventral body wall
- Uterus
- pear-shaped single-chamber organ which lies against the dorsal body wall, inferior to the bladder; location of embryonic/fetal growth
- Ovary
- small, oval structure at the end of the uterine tube which houses the ova
- Vagina
- region leading to the body exterior, continuous with the uterus
- Vaginal Orifice
- external vaginal opening
- Uterine Tubes
- tubes which attach the superior aspect of the uterus to the ovaries