Lipids biochemistry 5/25/06
Terms
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- fatty acids
- 1) straight apiphatic chains w/ carboxylic acid group at one end
- saturated fatty acid
- a long-chain monocarboxylic acid in which each carbon of the chain is bonded to the maximum number of hydrogen atoms
- unsaturated fatty acid
- a long-chain monocarboxylic acid having at least one carbon-to-carbon DOUBLE bond
- esterification
- the formation of an ester in the reaction of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol
- acid hydrolysis
-
1) reverse of esterification
2) producing fatty acids from esters - saponification
- a reaction in which a soap is produced; more generally, the hydrolysis of an ester by an aqueous base
- hydrogenation
- a reaction in which hydrogen (H2) is added to a double or a triple bond
- essential fatty acids
- the fatty acids linolenic and linoleic acids that must be supplied in the diet b/c they cannnot be synthesized by the body
- arachidonic acid
- a fatty acid derived from linoleic acid; the precursor of the prostaglandins
- eicosanoids
- any of the derivatives of twenty-carbon fatty acids, including the prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and thromboxanes
- prostaglandins
- a family of hormonelike substances derived from the twenty-carbon fatty acid, arachidonic acid
- glyceride
- a lipid that contains glycerol
- neutral glyceride
- the product of the esterification of glycerol at one, two, or three positions
- monoglyceride
- the product of the esterification of glycerol at one position
- diglyceride
- the product of esterification of glycerol at two positions
- triglyceride
- triacylglycerol; a molecule composed of glycerol esterified to three fatty acids
- phospholipid
- a lipid containing a phosphoryl group
- phosphoglyceride
- a molecule with fatty acids esterified at the C-1 and C-2 positions of glycerol and a phosphoryl group esterified at the C-3 position
- phosphatidate
- a molecule of glycerol with fatty acids esterified to C-1 and C-2 of glycerol and a FREE phosphoryl group esterified at C-3
- emulsifying agent
- a bipolar molecule that aids in the suspension of fats in water
- sphingolipid
- a phospholipid that is derived from the amino alcohol sphingosine rather than from glycerol
- sphingomyelin
- a sphingolipid found in abundance in the myelin sheath that surrounds and insulates cells of the central nervous system
- steroid
- a lipid derived from cholesterol and composed of one five-sided ring and three six-sided rings
- terpene
- the general term for lipids that are synthesized from isoprene units
- terpene include;
-
1) steroids
2) bile salts
3) lipid-soluble vitamins
4) chlorophyll - cholesterol
- a 27 carbon steroid ring structure that serves as the precursor of the steroid hormones
- wax
- a collection of lipids that are generally considered to be esters of long-chain alcohols
- complex lipid
- a lipid bonded to other types of molecules
- plasma lipoprotein
- a complex composed of lipid and protein that is responsible for the transport of lipids throughout the body
- chylomicron
- a plasma lipoprotein (aggregate of protein and triglycerides) that carries triglycerides from the intestine to all body tissues via the bloodstream
- very low density lipoprotein (VLDL)
- a plasma lipoprotein that binds triglycerides synthesized by the liver and carries them to adipose tissue for storage
- low-density lipoproteins(LDL)
- plasma lipoprotein that carries cholesterol to peripheral tissues and helps to regulate cholesterol levels in those tissues
- high-density lipoprotein (HDL)
- a plasma lipoprotein that transports cholesterol from peripheral tissue to the liver
- fluid mosaic model
- the model of membrane stucture that describes the fluid nature of the lipid bilayer and the presence of numerous proteins embedded w/i the membrane
- peripheral membrane protein
- a protein bound to either the inner or the outer surface of a membrane
- transmembrane protein
- a protein that is embedded w/i a membrane and crosses the lipid bilayer, protruding from the membrane both inside and outside the cell
- passive transport
- the net movement of a solute from an area of high [ ] to an area of low [ ]
- facilitated diffusion
- move. of a solute across a memb. from an are a of high [ ] to an area of low [ ] through a transmemb. protein, or permease
- osmosis
- net flow of a solvent across a semipermeable memb. in response to a [ ] gradient
- active transport
- the move. of molecules across a memb. against a [ ] gradient
- degree of saturation depends on?
- # of double bond
- polysaturated
- multiple double bonds
- double bonds usually cis in?
- natural fatty acids
- melting point determined by?
- degree of unsaturation and chain length
- composition of types of fatty acids in membranes determines?
- fluidity
- Lauric acid
- a typical saturated fatty acid w/ 12 carbon in the chain (in salt form)
- fatty acid
-
1) 12-20 carbons
2) even # carbons
3) no blanching
4) nonpolar carbon chain
5) polar COO- group (as anion) - an unsaturated fatty acid has?
- one or more carbon-carbon double bonds in chain
- the 1st double bond of an unsaturated fatty acid is usually at?
- the 9th carbon
- the double bonds are?
-
1) not conjugated
2) usually CIS - Cis double bond result in?
-
1) a bent chain
2) lower melting point - acylglycerols
-
1) monoacylglycerols
2) diacylglycerols
3) triacylglycerols - triacylglycerol (triglyceride) is formed when?
- when all 3 alcohol groups of glycerol form esters w/ fatty acids