LOM Ch 5 Digestive Vocabulary
Terms
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- hydrochloric acid
- substance produced by the stomach; necessary for food digestion.
- mastication
- chewing
- amylase
- enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
- triglycerides
- large fat molecules composed of 3 molecules of fatty acids with 1 molecule of glycerol.
- sigmoid colon
- lower part of the colon, shaped like an S
- liver
- large organ in RUQ of abdomen, it secretes bile, stores sugar, iron & vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells. Weighs 2.5 - 3 lbs in adults.
- lower esophageal sphincter
- ring of muscles between esophagus & stomach; a.k.a. cardiac sphincter.
- jejunum
- second part of small intestine, between duodenum & ileum. About 8' in length.
- palate
- roof of mouth; hard palate is anterior to the soft palate.
- feces
- solid waste / stools
- pancreas
- organ under the stomach; produces insulin & enzymes.
- glycogen
- starch; glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells.
- glucose
- simple sugar
- appendix
- blind pouch hanging from the first part of the colon (cecum). Literally means 'hanging on'. Usually found in the RLQ.
- anus
- opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
- lipase
- pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats.
- esophagus
- tube connecting the throat to the stomach
- gallbladder
- small sac under the liver; stores bile
- papillae
-
small elevations on the tongue. (singular is papilla).
*a papilla is any nipple-like elevation. - villi
- microscopic projections in walls of small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream. (singular: villus)
- alimentary canal
- the digestive tract (canal); aliment means food
- parotid gland
- salivary gland within cheek, just anterior to the ear.
- sphincter
- ring of muscles within a tube
- enzyme
- a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes aid in breakdown of complex foods to simpler foods.
- bile
- digestive juice made in liver & stored in gallbladder. It emulsifies large fat globules. Composed of bile pigments, cholesterol & bile salts.
- digestion
- breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms.
- fatty acids
- substances produced when fats are digested.
- portal vein
- large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines
- emulsification
- physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller ones, increasing surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
- bilirubin
- pigment released by liver in bile. Produced from the destruction of hemoglobin.
- bowel
- intestine
-
cecum
- first part of large intestine
- duodenum
- first part of small intestine. (duo=2, den=10... duodenum measures 12" in length)
- stomach
- muscular organ that receives food from esophagus; divided into fundus, body, & antrum (distal portion).
- ileum
- 3rd (& longest) part of small intestine, about 12' in length.
- canine teeth
- pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors; a.k.a. cuspids or eyeteeth.
- uvula
- soft tissue hanging from the soft palate into the mouth.
- peristalsis
- rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the GI tract (& other tube-like structures)- moves contents thru stomach in .5 to 2 hrs, small intestine in 2-6 hrs, & colon in 6-72 hrs
- amino acids
- small substances that are the building blocks of proteins & are produced when proteins are digested
- salivary glands
-
parotid, sublingual, & submandibular glands
- proteases
- enzymes that digest protein
- common bile duct
- carries bile from liver & gallbladder to the duodenum
- insulin
- hormone produced by endocrine cells of pancreas. Transports sugar into cells from the blood & stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
- pulp
- soft tissue within tooth-contains nerves & blood vessels.
- pyloric sphincter
- ring of muscle at distal region of stomach, where it joins the duodenum.
- rectum
- last section of the colon.
- rugae
- ridges on the hard palate & wall of the stomach.
- colon
- large intestine; cecum, ascending, transverse & descending colon, & rectum
- deglutition
- swallowing
- dentin
- major tissue composing teeth; covered by the enamel in the crown & a protective layer of cementum in the root.
- saliva
- digestive juice produced by salivary glands
- absorption
- passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream