Hip and Thigh Muscles
Terms
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Origin:
Psoas Major
(superior attachment) - Transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae, bodies of last thoracic and all lumbar vertebrae, and intervertebral disk of each lumbar vertebrae
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Insertion:
Psoas Major
(inferior attachment) - Lesser trochanter of femur
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Action:
Psoas Major - Flexes thigh at the hip joint and flexes vertebral column
- Muscles that make up the ILIOPSOAS
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- Psoas Major
- Iliacus -
Trigger points:
Psoas Major - Near both points of attachment
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Psoas Major - Entire lumbar area
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Synergists:
Psoas Major -
- Iliacus
- Adductor group
- rectus femoris -
Antagonists:
Psoas Major -
- Gluteus Maximus
- Hamstring muscles -
Origin:
Iliacus - Upper two thirds of iliac fossa, ala of the sacrum, anterior inferior iliac spine, and iliac crest
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Insertion:
Iliacus - With psoas major, lesser trochanter of femur
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Action:
Iliacus - Flexes thigh at hip joint
- Contraction of this large fan-shaped muscle brings the swinging leg forward in walking or running
- Iliacus
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Trigger Point:
Iliacus - Near the inner border of the ilium behind the anterior inferior iliac spine
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Referred pain pattern:
Iliacus - Entire lumbar area and front of thigh
- Muscle can mimic menstrual pain and appendicitis
- Iliacus
- Muscles usually involved in "pulled groin" or "groin strain" since the superior attachments of these muscles are in the inguinal region at the junction of the abdomen and thigh
- Combined Iliacus/psoas (ILIOPSOAS)
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Synergists:
Iliacus -
- Psoas major
- Adductor group
- rectus femoris -
Antagonist:
Iliacus -
- gluteus maximus
- three hamstring muscles -
Origin:
Piriformis - Pelvic surface of the sacrum between the first through fourth sacral foramina and sacrotuberous ligament
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Insertion:
Piriformis - Superior border of the greater trochanter of the femus
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Action:
Piriformis - Laterally rotates thigh at the hip joint and abducts thigh
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Trigger points:
Piriformis - Near the points of attachment
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Piriformis - In the sacroiliac region, the entire buttock and down the posterior thigh
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Synergists:
Piriformis -
- superior and inferior gemelli
- quadratus femoris
- internal and external obturators -
Antagonist:
gluteus minimus - Gluteus minimus
- Tension in this muscle may cause entrapment of the sciatic nerve which normally passes under the muscle but which in some individuals may pass through the muscle.
- Piriformis
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Origin:
Obturator Externus - Outer surface of superior and inferior rami of pubis and ramus of ischium
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Insertion:
Obturator Externus - Trochanteric fossa of femur
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Action:
Obturator Externus - Laterally rotates thigh at the hip
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Synergists:
Obturator Externus -
- superior and inferior gemelli
- quadratus femoris
- internal obturator -
Antagonists:
Obturator Externus - gluteus minimus
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Origin:
Obturator Internus - Pelvic surface of the obturator membrane and the margins of the obturator foramen. Also the internal surface of the pubis and ramus of the ischium
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Insertion:
Obturator Internus - Medial surface of the greater trochanter of the femus
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Action:
Obturator Internus - Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
- The muscle that surrounds the obturator foramen in the pelvis.
- Obturator Internus
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Trigger points:
Obturator Internus - In the belly of the muscle
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Synergists:
Obturator Internus -
- superior and inferior gemelli
- quadratus femoris
- piriformis
- external obturator -
Antagonists:
Obturator Internus - gluteus minimus
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Origin:
Gemellus Superior - Dorsal surface of the ischial spine
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Insertion:
Gemellus Superior - With tendon of obturator internus into the upper border of the greater trochanter
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Action:
Gemellus Superior - Laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint
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Synergist:
Gemmelus Superior -
- inferior gemellus
- quadratus femoris
- internal & external obturators -
Antagonist:
Gemellus Superior - Gluteus Minimus
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Origin:
Gemellus Inferior - Upper margin of the ischial tuberosity
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Insertion:
Gemellus Inferior - With tendon of obturator internus into upper border of greater trochanter
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Action:
Gemellus Inferior - Laterally rotates thigh at hip joint
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Synergist:
Gemellus Inferior -
- superior gemellus
- quadratus femoris
- internal & external obturators
- piriformis -
Antagonist:
Gemellus Inferior - Gluteus minimis
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Origin:
Quadratus Femoris - Upper part of the lateral border of the ischial tuberosity
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Insertion:
Quadratus Femoris - Trochanteric crest of femus
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Action:
Quadratus Femoris - Laterally rotates the thigh at the hip joint
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Synergists:
Quadratus Femoris -
- superior & inferior gemelli
- piriformis
- internal & external obturators -
Antagonist:
Quadratus Femoris - Gluteus minimus
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Origin:
Gluteus Maximus - Posterior gluteal line of ilium, adjacent posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament and aponeurosis of erector spinae muscles
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Insertion:
Gluteus Maximus - Iliotibial tract of fascia lata and gluteal tuberosity of femur
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Action:
Gluteus Maximus -
Upper part- extends and laterally rotates thigh
Lower part - extends, laterally rotates thigh and assists in raising the truck from a flexed position. Also assists in adduction of the hip joint - Muscles important in obtaining upright posture; active primarily during strenous activities such as running, jumping, and climbing
- Gluteus Maximus
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Trigger points:
Gluteus Maximus - Three main points: One near sacrum; one near the ischial tuberosity; and one in the belly of the muscle near the lower fibers.
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Referred pain pattern:
Gluteus Maximus - entire gluteal region
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Synergists:
Gluteus Maximus - - hamstring muscles
-
Antagonist:
Gluteus Maximus -
- adductor group
- iliopsoas
- rectus femoris -
Origin:
Gluteus Medius - Between anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium
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Insertion:
Gluteus Medius - Lateral surface of the greater trochanter of the femur
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Action:
Gluteus Medius - Abducts the hip joint and medially rotates the thigh
- Gluteal muscle targeted for intramuscular injections in order to avoid nerves and blood vessels
- Gluteus Medius
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Trigger Points:
Gluteus Medius - Along the musculotendinous junction at the iliac crest
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Gluteus Medius - To the lower back and posterior and lateral areas of the buttock
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Synergists:
Gluteus Medius -
- Gluteus minimus
- Tensor fasciae latae -
Antagonists:
Gluteus Medius -
- adductor group
- gracilis
- pectineus -
Origin:
Gluteus Minimus - Outer surface of the ilium between the middle and inferior gluteal lines
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Insertion:
Gluteus Minimus - Anterior border of the greater trochanter
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Action:
Gluteus Minimus - Abducts the femur at the hip joint and medially rotates the thigh
- Two muscles together that keep the pelvis from dropping toward the opposite side during walking; also keeps the pelvis level when standing on one foot
- Gluteus medius & minimus
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Trigger Point:
Gluteus Minimus - Belly of the muscle
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Referred pain pattern:
Gluteus Minimus - The lower lateral buttock down the lateral aspect of the thigh, lower leg to the ankle
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Synergists:
Gluteus Minimus -
- gluteus medius
- tensor fasciae latae -
Origin:
Tensor Fasciae Latae
(proximal attachment) - Anterior aspect of the outer lip of the iliac crest and the anterior superior iliac spine
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Insertion:
Tensor Fasciae Latae
(distal attachment) - Middle and proximal thirds of the thigh along the iliotibial tract. The iliotibial band inserts on the lateral epicondyle of tibia.
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Action:
Tensor Fasciae Latae - Assists in abduction, medial rotation, and flexion of thigh. Makes the iliotibial tract taug. Stabilizer of the hip.
- The muscle that braces the knee when walking.
- Tensor Fasciae Latae (IT Band)
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Trigger Point:
Tensor Fasciae Latae - In the belly of the muscle near its proximal attachment
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Tensor Fasciae Latae - Localized in the hip and down the lateral side of the leg to the knee
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Synergists:
Tensor Fasciae Latae -
- Gluteus Medius & Minimus for abduction of the thigh
- Gluteus maximus for flexion of the hip -
Antagonists:
Tensor Fasciae Latae -
- adductor group
- gracilis
- pectineus -
Origin:
Sartorius - Anterior superior iliac spine and upper half of iliac notch
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Insertion:
Sartorius - Proximal part of the medial aspect of the tibia
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Action:
Sartorius - Flexes, laterally rotates, and abducts the hip joint. Also flexes the torso toward the leg, and flexes and assists in medial rotation of the knee
- The longest muscle in the body.
- Sartorius
- The "tailors muscle" used in sitting on the floor with thighs spread and lower legs crossed similar to a yoga position.
- Sartorius
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Trigger Points:
Sartorius - Three or four places in the long belly of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Sartorius - The entire anterior thigh with concentration at the knee
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Synergists:
Sartorius -
- biceps femoris
- semitendinous
- semimembraneous
- gracilis -
Origin:
Rectus Femoris -
Anterior head - Anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
Posterior head - upper margin of the acetabulum -
Insertion:
Rectus Femoris - Patella and by the patella ligament to the tibial tuberosity
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Action:
Rectus Femoris - Extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint.
- The only quadriceps muscle that crosses both the hip and knee joint.
- Rectus Femoris
- "soccer" muscle
- Rectus Femoris
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Synergists:
Rectus Femoris -
- other quadriceps mjuscles
- psoas
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Rectus Femoris - Hamstring group
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Origin:
Vastus Medialis - Lower half of intertrochanteric line, linea aspera, medial supracondylar line, and medial intermuscular septum
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Insertion:
Vastus Medialis - Medial border of the patella and then by the patella ligament to the tibial tuberosity
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Action:
Vastus Medialis - Extends the leg at the knee joint and draws the patella medially
- The most medial quadricep muscle.
- Vastus Medialis
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Trigger Points:
Vastus Medialis - In the belly and just above the insertion.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Vastus Medialis - Entire anterior thigh, especially the lower medial aspect with the most concentrated pain in the knee region.
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Synergists:
Vastus Medialis -
- Other quadriceps muscles
- Sartorius -
Antagonists:
Vastus Medialis - Hamstring group
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Origin:
Vastus Lateralis - Proximal intertrochanteric line, greater trochanter, gluteal tuberosity, and linea aspera
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Insertion:
Vastus Lateralis - Patella and through the patella ligament the tibial tuberosity
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Action:
Vastus Lateralis - Extends the knee joint and exerts a lateral pull on the patella
- The most lateral muscle in the quadriceps femoris group.
- Vastus Lateralis
- Stricking the ligament of this muscle at the patella region causes the characteristic knee jerk reflex test.
- Vastus Lateralis
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Trigger Points:
Vastus Lateralis - Near each attachment and in the belly of the muscle
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Vastus Lateralis - The anterior thigh especially the lateral surface and again with pain concentrated in the knee.
- Compression of the knee, or quadriceps muscle imbalance, may pull the patella sideways and produce this condition....
- Chondromalacia patellae or "runners knee"
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Synergists:
Vastus Lateralis -
- other quadriceps muscles
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Vastus Lateralis - hamstring group
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Origin:
Vastus Intermedius - Anterior and lateral surfaces of the proximal two thirds of the body of the femur
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Insertion:
Vastus Intermedius - Deep surface of the tendon of the rectus femoris and vastus muscles. Patella and through the patella ligament to the tibial tuberosity
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Action:
Vastus Intermedius - Extends the knee at the joint
- Smallest and deepest muscles of the quadriceps femoris group
- Vastus Intermedius
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Trigger Points:
Vastus Intermedius - near the proximal attachment.
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Vastus Intermedius - Deep anterior thigh
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Synertists:
Vastus Intermedius -
- other quadriceps muscles
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Vastus Intermedius - hamstring group
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Origin:
Biceps Femoris -
Long head - ischial tuberosity
Short head- lateral lip of linea aspera, proximal two thirds of supracondylar line -
Insertion:
Biceps Femoris - Common tendon passes downward to insert on head of fibula and lateral condyle of the tibia
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Action:
Biceps Femoris - Flexes and laterally rotates the knee joint and extends the thigh
- The most lateral muscle of the hamstring group.
- Biceps Femoris
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Trigger Points:
Biceps Femoris - In the belly of the muscle and near the insertion
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Biceps Femoris - From the ischial tuberosity to the back of the knee and down the posterior leg to mid-calf
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Synergists:
Biceps Femoris -
- other hamstring muscles
- gracilis
- gastrocnemius
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Biceps Femoris - Quadriceps femoris group
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Origin:
Semitendinosus - Ischial tuberosity
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Insertion:
Semitendinosus - Upper medial surface of the shaft of the tibia
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Action:
Semitendinosus - Flexes and slightly medially rotates leg at knee joint, and extends the thigh at the hip joint
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Trigger Points:
Semitendinosus - In the belly of the muscle and near the insertion
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Semitendinosus - The back of the leg to midcalf
- The muscle group used to slow the leg down at the end of its swing; susceptible to being strained by resisting the momentum of the action
- Hamstrings
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Synergists:
Semitendinosus -
- other hamstring muscles
- gracilis
- gastrocnemius
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Semitendinosus - - quadriceps femoris
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Origin:
Semimembranosus - Ischial tuberosity
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Insertion:
Semimembranosus - Poster part of the medial condyle of tibia
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Action:
Semimembranosus - Flexes and slightly medially rotates leg at knee joint and extends thigh at hip
- The most medial member of the hamstring group.
- Semimembranosus
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Trigger Points:
Semimembranosus - In the belly and near the insertion
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Semimembranosus - The back of the thigh, to behind the knee and down the back of the leg to mid-calf.
-
Synergists:
Semimembranosus -
- other hamstring muscles
- gracilis
- gastrocnemius
- sartorius -
Antagonists:
Semimembranosus - - quadriceps femoris group
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Origin:
Gracilis - Inferior ramus and body of pubis
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Insertion:
Gracilis - Medial surface of tibia just inferior to its medial condyle
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Action:
Gracilis - Adducts thigh at hip joint and flexes leg at knee joint. Assists in medial rotation.
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Trigger points:
Gracilis - In the belly of the muscle and near the origin
-
Referred Pain Pattern:
Gracilis - Deep into the groin, into th emedial thigh, and downward to the knee and shin
- Because this is a relatively deep muscle of the thigh adductor group, together with its nerves and blood vessels, it has been transplanted to replace a damaged muscle.
- Gracilis
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Synergists:
Gracilis - - adductor group
-
Antagonists:
Gracilis -
- tensor fasciae latae
- gluteals -
Origin:
Pectineus - Pectineal line on superior ramus of pubis
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Insertion:
Pectineus - From lesser trochanter to linjea aspera of femur
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Action:
Pectineus - Flexes femur at hip and assists in adduction of femur at hip
- The uppermost of the addcutor group of muscles
- Pectineus
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Referred pain pattern:
Pectineus - Deep into the groin area
-
Synergists:
Pectineus -
- adductor group
- gracilis -
Antagonists:
Pectineus -
- gluteus minimus and medius
- tensor fascae latae -
Origin:
Adductor Brevis - Outer surface of inferior ramus of pubis
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Insertion:
Adductor Brevis - Upper one third of medial lip of the linea aspera of the femur
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Action:
Adductor Brevis - Adducts the thigh. Assists in flexion and medial rotation
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Adductor Brevis - Deep in the groin to the medial knee and on to the shin
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Synergists:
Adductor Brevis -
- adductor muscles
- pectineus
- gracilis -
Antagonists:
Adductor Brevis -
- gluteus medius and minimus
- tensor fasciae latae -
Origin:
Adductor Longus - Anterior body of pubis
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Insertion:
Adductor Longus - Medial one third of medial lip of linea aspera of femur
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Action:
Adductor Longus - Adducts and flexes thigh. Assists in medial rotation.
- The most anterior of the adductor muscles.
- Adductor Longus
-
Referred Pain pattern:
Adductor Longus -
- Adductor muscles
- Pectineus
- Gracilis -
Antagonists:
Adductor Longus -
- Gluteus medius & minimus
- Tensor Fasciae Latae -
Origin:
Adductor Magnus - Inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium and inferior portion of ischial tuberosity
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Insertion:
Adductor Magnus - Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur
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Action:
Adductor Magnus - Adducts and extends thigh; assists in medial rotation
- Largest muscle of the adductor group.
- Adductor Magnus
- The femoral artery and vein emerge through the adductor hiatus within this muscle...
- Adductor Magnus
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Referred Pain Pattern:
Adductor Magnus - Deep in the groin down to the knee and to the shin
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Synergists:
Adductor Magnus -
- other adductor muscles
- pectineus
- gracilis -
Antagonists:
Adductor Magnus -
- gluteus medius & minimus
- tensor fasciae latae