Bioenergetics - Biothermodynamics
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- 138. What is an isolated system in thermodynamics?
-
A system is isolated if it doesn't exchange either energy
or material with its environment. - 139. What is a closed system in thermodynamics?
-
A system is closed when it can exchange energy, but no
material with its environment. - 140. What is an adiabatic transition?
-
The transition where no exchange of heat occurs, is
called adiabatic. - 141. What kind of quantities are called extensive?
- Additive quantities are called extensive.
-
142. What is the entropy of a chemically pure, solid crystal at
absolute zero temperature? - S = 0
- 143. Can entropy be negative?
- No, it cannot.
-
144. What is the entropy and temperature of a single particle
with velocity v? -
It is not interpreted. Thermodynamics only deals with
systems, i.e. with multitude of particles. -
145. Is chemical potential an extensive or an intensive
quantity? - It is an intensive quantity.
-
146. Two bodies are in thermodynamic equilibrium (T1=T2).
Can exchange of energy occur between them? -
Yes, but the average amount of energy transmitted by
the bodies to each other is equal. -
147. What is the entropy change (ΔS) in an isolated system
undergoing a reversible cycle? - ΔS=0
- 148. Is a living system an isolated, closed or open system?
- Open.
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149. Is the second law of thermodynamics valid for a living
system? -
Yes, but it can be applied only if the living system and
the surrounding environment is treated as an isolated
system. - 150. When is a mixture in thermodynamic equilibrium?
-
If the chemical potential of all of its components is the
same at each point of the system. -
151. What is the classical thermodynamic definition of
entropy? -
ΔS = Qrev/T
ΔS: entropy change,
Qrev: heat taken up reversibily, T: absolute temperature -
152. Define the relationship between entropy and
thermodynamic probability! -
S = k ln W
S: entropy,
k: Boltzmann constant,
W: thermodynamic probability - 153. Define thermodynamic probability!
-
Thermodynamic probability of a macrostate is the
number of microstates associated with the macrostate. -
154. What is the range of values of thermodynamic
probability (W)? - 1 ≤ W < ∞
-
155. What is the range of values of mathematical probability
(P)? - 0 ≤ P ≤1
-
156. Which state functions determine the direction of a
chemical reaction in an a., isobaric (p=constant) and b.,
isochoric (V=constant) transition? Give the definition of
these functions! -
a., Gibbs-free energy, G=H-TS
b., Helmholtz-free energy, F=E-TS
where H and E are the enthalpy and the internal energy
of the system, respectively, and T and S are the
absolute temperature and the enthropy of the system,
respectively.