Theory and Practice of Counseling and Psychotherapy
Terms
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- emphasize verbal mediation
- cognitive modifications
- influence of past events on current functioning
- cognitive insight therapies
- use of imagery to bring about change
- behavioral therapies
- training procedures w/o mediation
- behavioral modifications
- increase awareness of influence of current feelings on attitudes/behaviors
- active insight
- Steps for Making Ethical Decisions
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Identify Problem Clearly
Review relevant codes
Seek Consultation
Brainstorm
List Consequences
Decide - breeching confidentiality to a 3rd party b/c client allowed you to
- voluntary disclosure
- breeching confidentiality to 3rd party w/o client's permission
- non-voluntary disclosure
- holds practitioner immune to disclosure
- privilege
- Ethical Issues
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Confidentiality
Informed Concent
Right to know
Conflicts of Interest
Professional Relationships - Steps for Disclosing Information w/ Client Consent
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Discuss with client
Make sure client understands consequences
Specify EXACTLY what is being disclosed and to whom in WRITING
Show to client before releasing information - Client Threat Process
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Discuss threat process w/ client
Seek Consultation
Seek legal consultation
Error on side of safety
Document Every Step in Writing
Warn client of legal constratins of confidentiality
Always act in good faith/follow guidelines - professional responsibility to inform clients about therapy/treatment and getting consent from person/guardian
- Informed Consent
- Inform the client of...
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Theoretical Orientation
Types of techniques/treatment
How different
Professional Background
Limitations of Practice
Guidelines of Practice
Right to Terminate at Anytime - leads to possibility of exploitation of client - any relationship w/ client outside of treatment
- Client-Therapist Conflict of Interest
- conflict between clients and someone else involved with client
- Client-3rd party Conflict of interest
- when thereapist is in simultaneous relationship with more than one client
- Client-Client Conflict of Interest
- client's right to a careful explanation of the therapists perceptions of their problems and functioning shared in a way they can understand and that are therapeutic and not damaging
- Right to Know
- faiture to provide proper service through ignorance or negligence which results in injur or loss to client
- Malpractice
- Principles of Ethics
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A - beneficence and Nonmaleficence (do no harm)
B- fidelity and responsibility (promote trust)
C- Integrity - promote honesty
D- Justice - protect client agains bias
E - repsect for people's rights and dignity -
stresses role of unconscious and its functioning in psychic life
uses free association and relies on transference and resistance - psychoanalysis
- belief that every psychic event you experience is determeind by ones that preceeded it; unconscious forces can be brought to consciousness and controlled
- Psychic Determinism
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Life Instinct whose energy is Libido
sriving for life and to become whole; founding behaivor for our reproduction - Eros
- Death instinct whose energy is aggression and repitition compusion
- Thanatos
- sexual life energy that drives the ID
- Libido
- things you are currently aware of - constantly changing
- Conscious
- Long term memory that influences behavior - can be retrieved if desired
- Preconscious
- unaware of but influential of behavior - primariy personality component
- Subconscious
- thoughts/memories that are too painful to keep in mind; what really drives us
- Unconscious
- ruled by pleasure principle; concerned with drive satisfaction
- ID
- ruled by reality principle; controls and channels ID; rational thought
- EGO
- balance between ID and Ego; morals - like conscience
- Superego
- pleasure through oral mechanisms; 0-1 yr
- oral stage
- control over biological processes; pleasure through excretion of waste
- anal stage
- libidinal energy focused on genitals; pleasure through genital stimulation; become aware of gender
- phallic stage
- energy is focused on social environment
- latency stage
- sexual energy reoccur outside of family
- genital stage
- Four sources of Tension (psychoanalytic theory)
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Phsiological growth
Frustration
COnflicts
Threats - Four ways to deal with Reducing Tension
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Identifications
Displacement
Sublimation
Anxiety and Defenses -
refusing to accept that the feeling is present or that the event occurred
very primitive! - denial
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redirecting anxiety causing impulses into socially acceptable actions
most mature - sublimation
- reverting to the confort of behaviors of an earlier stage of development in order to cope
- regression
- taking actions opposite to one's feelings in order to deny relatiy of the feelings
- reaction formation
- relegating anxiety-causng througths to the unconscious, refusing to think abuot them
- repression
- substituting a less threatening object for the subject of the hostile or sexual impuse
- displacement
- creating intellectually acceptable arguments for thoughts or behaviors to hid actual anxiety causing impulses
- rationalization
- attributing one's undesirable traits or actions so they become the problem instead of you
- projection
- Change Process according to Psychoanalytic Theory (5)
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Results from making unconscious conscious
Adops problem solving approach
Emphasis on affective behavior
Working through transference and resistance
therapist-patient relationship - the sum total of the emotional relationship between patient and therapist
- transference
- everything that works against the progress of therapy
- resistance
- Main Stages of Therapy for Analysand
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Establish Relationship
Analytic Honeymoon
First Therapeutic Crisis
Deepening of Therapy
Working through Transference
Termination - what client reports of dream/conscious dream
- manifest content
- real meaning of dream; analyzed and interpreted by analyst
- latent content
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guided imagery; allowing imagination to flow freely
allowing for telling of stories and events - Psycho-Imagination
- techniques used to get you feeling/experiencing emotinos -- leads to unconscious process
- Cathartic Techniques
- Goals of Analyst
-
clarification of feeling
Interpretations (to make unconscious conscious)
Catharsis
Realtiy Testing
Clarificatino of Feelings - re-experiencing emotions/feeings associated with past experienes/events
- catharsis
- particular behavior/thoughts in which clients begin to pay attention to views of the world and eventually come to see their view of reality as being distorted
- reality testing
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beliefs you come to hold about yourself and the world
emphasis on individual perception resulting from a unique cognitive organization (categories that make up phenomenological field) - Lifestyle Convictions
- 4 Categories of Phenomenological Field
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Self Concept
Self Ideal
Weltbild
Ethical Convictions - Who Am I? - comes from interactinos early in life w/ significant others
- self concept
- what should i be? - who we need to be to get acceptance from others
- self-ideal
- what world expects you to be - things that are Not us
- weltbild
- sense of what's right/wrong
- ethical convictions
- conflicts/discrepancies of convictions
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Self-Concept vs Self-Ideal
Self-Concept vs Weltbild
Self-Concept vs Ethical Convictioons - results in feelings of INFERIORITY
- Self-Concept vs Self-Ideal
- results in feelings of INADEQUACY
- Self-Concept vs Weltbild
- results in feelings of GUILT
- Self-Concept vs Ethical Convictioons
- Life task in which we have a need to feel as though we are being socially contributive or "giving back"
- society
- Life task in which we are concerend with others work
- Work
- Life task in which we have a need to understand and connect to the opposite gender
- Sex
- Life task in which we have a need to be less judgemental of ourselves and accept what we are and embrace differences
- Self-Acceptance
- Life Task in which we have a need to be aware of and sense our connectiveness as a whole person; a sens of smallness in the grand scheme of things
- spirituality
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belief about world where we tak in what we think are truths and incorporate them into the world (gives us direction)
imagined essential aols that give direction - Fictional Finalisms
- Therapy Process of Individula Therapy
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Establish Relationship
Uncover Dynamics
Insight through Interpretation
Reorientation - to liberate patients social interest; by changing faulty values, analyzing lifestyle and life tasks, identifying basic mistakes
- Goal of Individual Therapy
- using what happened in sessions as miniature to person's life - focus on immediate impact
- immediacy (technique of adlerian therapy)
- Techniques of Adlerian Therapy
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Immediacy
Finding positive in every situation to instill hope
Exaggeration (distort peoples percetpions)
Acting in the way we want to be in life
Puprosely pointing out reason for behavior
Helping client to recognize own faulty thoughts - Steps of Adlerian Therapy
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Foster Social interest
Decrease Feelings of inferiority
Change in lifestyle
Change in faulty motivation
Encourage feelings of equality
Become contributive - Basic Mistaks in Adlerian Therapy
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Overgeneralization
False/Impossible Goals of security
Mispercetpions of lifes demands
Minimization
Faulty Values