Cerveny Geography Final
Terms
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- Stream of third order
- merging or joining of two second order streams
- What happens when two streams of the same order merge?
- the merged stream will be one order higher
- Stream Discharge
- Amount of run in the river/stream
- How to calculate Stream Discharge?
- Velocity x (width x depth)
- Drainage Basin
- Land area that contributes runoff to river systems
- Drainage Divide
- Boundary between drainage basins (the higher the elevation)
- Stream Network
- The system of the main river channel plus its tributaries
- Stream of First Order
- No tributaries
- Stream of Second Order
- Merging or joining of two first order streams
- What happens when two streams of different order merge
- the merged streams will be the same order as the higher order stream
- Hydrological Cycle
- The path water takes in our environment
- How does water come from the ground?
- evaporation from soil, groundwater, runoff
- How does water come from plants?
- Transpiration, animals; respiration and perspiration
- How does water come from the atmosphere?
- evaporation, precipitation, and clouds
- Baseflow
- Groundwater runoff released over large periods of time (the average flow of the stream)
- Stormflow
- Overland flow (the extra water running off land from a storm)
- Stream Hydrograph
- This graph plots flow (of the stream) against time
- Things that shape hydography
- size of basin, type of surface, shape of shed, slope, and intensity/duration of rain
- Fluvial Landforms
- landforms created by running water
- Erosion
- The wearing away of land and soil through the process of running water. Ex gully and arroyos
- Deposition
- the placement of the material carried by running water. Ex. Deltas
- Accelerated Erosion
- The removal of soil much faster than it can be formed. Ex. overgrazing, forest fires
- Splash Erosion
- Direct force of falling drops on base soil causing a geyser like splashing in which soil particles are lifted and then dropped into new positions
- Stream Material Transport
- Three mechanisms: Suspension: Material is held up by the water in the stream Dissolved: material is mixed with water Bed Load: sand, gravel, and cobbles move by rolling or sliding from water flow
- Stream Gradiation
- The slow reduction in the height of the headwaters of a stream through time as the stream eroded away the surrounding materials
- Thalweg
- the part of the river with the most velocity and is the deepest part
- Cutbanks
- form where erosion is taking place. The thalweg hits it and because of the speed erosion takes place
- Sandbars
- form where deposition is taking place because of slow moving water. AKA pointbars
- Oxbow lake
- because of erosion and deposition the loops in the meandering rives get bigger. They then can get cut off fromt he rest of the river making an oxbow lake.
- Meandering Scar
- When an oxbow lake dries up
- Meandering Stream
- The river has only one main channel that wanders (or meanders) from side to side of the floodplain. Ex. Mississippi
- Braided Stream
- The flow is divided into multiple threads and these rejoin and subdivide as new sandbars with the river form. Ex. Gila River
- Two elements that make up the most of earth
- Oxygen and Silicon
- Minerals are made of...?
- elements or combinations of elements
- Rocks are made up of...?
- Minerals or combinations of minerals
- Igneous Rock
- formed from cooling molten magma. Ex plutonic (intrusive) and volcanic (extrusive)
- Sedimentary Rock
- formed by deposition and compaction. Ex. Sandstone, limestone
- Metamorphic Rock
- formed by subjecting rocks to tremendous heat and pressure. Ex Limestone=Marble and Carbon=Diamond
- Oceanic Crust
- Made up of dense iron magnesium silicate rocks
- Continental Crust
- Thicker, less dense made up of sodium potassium aluminum silicate rocks, like granite
- Moho
- Transition between crust and mantle
- Alfred Wegener
- Came up with the theory of continental drift and the supercontinent: Pangea
- Transform (conservative) boundaries
- When two plates of the same density collide and because being the same density grind past each other. Cause Mountains. Ex. Himalayas because of India crashing into Asia
- Convergent (destructive) boundaries
- When two plates of different density collide. Because they are different densities the less dense plate will thrust over the more dense plate.
- Subduction
- Downplunging of one plate beneath another because they are different densities
- Divergent (constructive) boundaries
- When two plates move apart from each other
- Pyroclastic Flow
- Flow of gases and lava that move rapidly down a volcano
- Tephra
- Fragmented material produced by a volcanic eruption. AKA pyroclastic material
- Lahar
- Indonesian term for a volcanic created mudflow Mass wasting + Fluvial + Tectonic
- Effusive eruption
- lava flows like a thick, sticky liquid. low viscosity
- Explosive Eruption
- Very gaseous with a lot of pyroclastic material
- Strato Volcano
- Explosive with rocks, gases, and ash. High cone shaped with deep steep sides. Violently explodes and destroys center area creating an impression called the CALDERA
- Shield Volcanoes
- Groups of tunnels that are active over long periods of time creating broad mountains. Mostly located in oceanic areas, Created by hotspots.
- Basalt Flood
- When a large eruption takes place and a layer of basalt is scattered around.
- Lava tube
- Long \"worm-like\" cave that is formed as molten lava flows through a tube formation of older hardened lava.
- VEI
- Volcanic Explosivity Index. VEI 8 is a supervolcano
- Faulting
- Sudden yielding of the rock under unequal stress
- Normal Faulting
- One rock surface is raised or lowered in relation to the surface next to it.
- Transcurrent Fault
- Movement is horizontal. Only a thin fault line is traceable across the surface.
- Safety in an Earthquake
- Stand in a doorway, or crouch under a desk or table. Stay away frm buildings, trees, overpasses, and underpasses
- Tsunami
- Wave created by undersea earthquake
- Mass Wasting
- The downslope movement of earth materials as a result of gravity. Transports materials to lower elevations where streams transport them
- Bulging Toe
- Land flow created by an earth flow
- Talus Slope
- created by landslides. Ex. south side of \"A\" mountain
- Liquidification
- Water saturated sandy layer is shaken during an earthquake and acts as liquid and flows downhill toward the ocean
- Soil Creep
- Very slow process of downslope movement of sediments
- Freeze Thaw
- Ice moves particle up perpendicular but when ice melts particles drop vertically according to gravity
- Coastal Erosion
- Waves crashing into the shore can gradually erode away the land and create new landforms
- Beaches
- Thick wedge-shaped deposits of sand along a body of water
- Spit
- Beachdrifting and longshore surrent created an arm of sand across a bay.
- Tombolo
- A spit that ties an island to the mainland
- Barrier Island
- A narrow strip of sand dunes, beaches, and marshes located a few miles off shore
- Coral Reefs
- Undersea worms that build up around each other. When they die more worms build up around their stony exterior.
- Fringe Reef
- Reef built out from shore
- Barrier Reef
- Separated from an island or landmass by an enclosed water area.
- Atoll
- A reef which has an interior lagoon and needs no land
- Tides
- Daily changes in sea level. Two periods of rising tide (flood tides) and two periods of falling tides (ebb tides).
- Two forces that cause Tides
- Gravitational attraction of the moon and centrifugal force (earth\'s spin pulls water away).
- Spring Tide
- Moon and sun are aligned so their gravities act together and so the sea rise is much higher. Neep tide is the opposite.
- Waves
- caused by winds moving over a water surface
- Swells
- Low, round-crested linear waves
- Fetch
- The area over which winds build waves: The bigger the fetch, the bigger the waves.
- Collapsing Breaker
- The base of the wave slides down the front of the wave.
- Spilling Breaker
- The crest (top) of the wave slides down the front top the wave.
- Plunging Breaker
- The crest shoots forward of the base of the wave in a smooth curve. Classic surfer\'s wave.
- Groin
- A solid structure built at an angle from a shore to prevent erosion from currents, tides, and waves, or trap sand.
- Aeolian Process
- Landform changes created by wind
- Deflation
- Loose particles lying on the ground are uplifted up into the air or rolled along the ground.
- Blowout
- Shallow depression produced by deflation
- Desert pavement
- Deflation has blown away smaller particles leaving large remains that are a solid surface.
- Wind Abrasion
- When wind drives sand and dust particles against exposed rock or soil surface causing it to be worn away by impact of sand.
- Crescent dune
- Hill of sand which is a quarter-moon or crescent shaped
- Slipface
- The steep slope of the leeward side of a crescent dune
- Traverse Dunes
- Long ridges of sand seperated by long troughs or valleys of sand.
- Parabolic Dune
- Occur where vegetation and strong winds occur. Sand blow and gets stuck in the vegetation.
- Seif or Longitudinal Dune
- Long narrow ridge oriented parallel to the direction of the prevailing wind
- Star Dunes
- Huge dune mountains that are found in erg deserts
- Yardangs
- parallel grooves in the soft slits of old dried-up lakebeds.
- Glacier
- A body of flowing ice formed on land by the fall and compaction of snow
- Cirque Glacier
- Highest; ice sits in its own pocket called a cirque
- Tarn
- Lake in the pocket of a glacier
- Piedmont glacier
- ice at the bottom of mountain
- Ablation (losing mass)
- Lower part of glacier. If ablation is greater than accumulation it retreats.
- Accumulation (gaining mass)
- Upper part of glacier. If accumulation is greater than ablation it moves down and expands.
- Glacial abrasion
- Ice scrapes away rocks on sides and bottom of glaciers as it moves down.
- Glacial plucking
- Melt water gets in cracks then refreezes popping out rocks
- Moraine
- Rock and debris eroded by glacier
- Latoral Moraine
- glacier pushing up on sides
- Terminal Moraine
- Glacier pushing at the bottom (piedmont)
- Medial Moraine
- Two glaciers or latoral moraines pushing together
- Arete
- Sharp ridge between two cirque glaciers
- Horn
- Where 3 glaciers cirques on a mountain
- Glacial Trough
- The carve a glacier makes
- Bergschrund
- Crack between the glacier and the mountain. Often covered by a thin layer of snow.
- Cravasses
- Cracks in glacial ice
- Isostatic Depression
- The weigt of ice is so great that the land is depressed sometimes to the point of being below sea level
- Ice Shelf
- large plate of moving ice that has slid out on top of the ocean. Can be hundreds of feet thick.
- Iceberg
- Formed by pieces breaking off continental glaciers and falling into the ocean. Only find icebergs around Greenland and Antarctica.
- Meltwater Stream
- A river created by water from melting ice from glacier.
- Erratic
- Boulder pushed by a glacier
- Till
- Debris carried ahead of the Glacier. Continental Glaciers only have terminal moraine.
- Recessional Moraine
- Smaller moraine that forms behind the terminal moraine
- Drumlin
- Hill that looks like upside down spoon
- Who dies the most from Avalanches?
- Snow mobilers
- Cornice fall avalanches
- Snow builds up on mountain top then breaks off
- Frostbite
- Water in skin freezes and ruptures. Needs to be below 28 degrees Farenheit.
- Crystallization
- Water evaporates in cracks leaving salt. As those crystals grow cracks get bigger and breaks the rock
- Esker
- Ridge that forms when a glacier melts
- fjord
- glacial troughs fill with sea water