A/P Final
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- 3 muscle types
-
skeletal/somatic
cardiac
smooth/visceral - innervation
- how musc receives nerve supply
- Cardiac Muscle
- 1)involuntary-automatic, no willful control; heart 2)innervation-1 nerve ending from ANS supplies several cardiac musc cells
- Smooth/Visceral Muscle
- 1)involuntary 2)innervation-from ANS 3)variances, a. 1 nerve ending supplies 1 smooth musc cell where precise/fast contrxn needed OR b. 1 nerve ending supplies several cells where gross/slow contrxn needed
- ex variances:
-
a. intrinsic muscles of the eye, aorta
b. stomach, ureters associated w/ kidneys - Location of Musc in body: Skeletal
- 1.in association w/ bones for purpose of mvmt&stabilization (maintain posture) 2. surrounding body cavities 3. bulk of extremeties 4. all of tongue 5. diaphragm-sep thoracic from abdom cavity 6. extrinsic musc of eye
- Location of Musc in body: Cardiac
- heart only
- Location of Musc in body: Smooth
-
1. walls of hollow organs:
gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, excretory tract, reproductive tract, walls of bv's
2. capsule of spleen 3. arrector pilli (hair follicles in skin) 4. intrinsic eye musc/ciliary musc - 1.musc cells elongated along line of contrxn
- when contract, contractile forces towards center of cell & elastic forces in opposing direction
- c2.ells that move during contrxn
-
overall length shortens
diameter increases - 3.all musc cells use __ as source of energy
- ATP
- 4.all musc cells have a __ & __
- sarcoplasm- cytoplasm of musc cells & sarcolema
- sarcolema
- equivalent to cell membrane/plasma memb; conducts electrical impulse/action potential/wave of depolarization stimulating musc cells to contract
- 2/3 kinds of cells contain __
- myofibrils (skeletal & cardiac): made of protein myofilaments
- protein myofilaments
-
include pr: actin, myosin
fxnal pr: tropomyosin, troponin - Skeletal Musc cells/muscle fibers
-
longest in length
long cylinders
cross striations (banded)
contain up to 1000 nuclei
syncytium: common cytoplasm sharing many nuclei - cardiac musc cells
-
shortest in length
cells are branched/cylindrical
cross striated
1 nucleus/cell
intercalated discs b/w cells where connect - smooth musc cells
-
intermediate in length
spindle shaped w/ blunt ends
no cross striations
1 nucleus/cell - general fxns of muscle
- 1.mvmt/propulsion 2.direct regulation in BP 3.posture 4.body heat production
- mvmt/propulsion: skeletal
- 1.locomotion: walking/running 2.other body mvmts: mvmt eyes, breathing, grasping w/ hands, initial aspect of swallowing, turning head
- mvmt/propulsion: cardiac
- propulsion of blood in cardiovascular system
- mvmt/propulsion: smooth
- peristalsis 1.moves food thru GI tract 2. moves urine thru urinary tract: kidneys to bladder thru ureters 3.micturation: urination 4.parturation: childbirth 5.defecation
- direct regulation in BP
- brought about by smooth musc contrxns & relaxations primarily in BV's-arterioles
- posture
- 1.skeletal musc contrxn 2. muscle tonus: few, but continual contrxns creating tension in specific musc- antigravity musc
- antigravity muscles
- located largely in trunk & legs; resist & maintain posture
- body heat production
- 1.skeletal musc makes up 40%body mass-major contributor to body heat thru contrxns 2. catabolism of glucose 3.actual contrxns prod heat
- gross structure of Skeletal muscle
- 1. epimysium 2.perimysium 3. endomysium
- epimysium
-
made of WFCT
found around/outer border cell
gives off components of itself extending into the musc itself - perimysium
-
made of WFCT sheets
surround groups of musc cells (single group encapsulated=fascicle)
also give off pieces of itself - endomysium
-
made of WFCT
encapsulates indiv musc cells
fxns: 1.organization of musc 2. pathway for bv's/nerves to move from outside to inside cell - organization of musc
- 1. epimysium holds fascicles together 2.perimysium holds musc cells together 3.endomysium attaches musc cells to each other
- ultrastructure of skeletal musc
- 1.sarcolemma 2.many peripheral nuclei 3.sarcoplasm
- many peripheral nuclei
- just underneath membrane; ~1000
- sarcoplasm:
- ctyoplasm; 1.mitochondria 2.myofibrils 3. transverse system 4.sarcoplasmic reticulum 5. triads
- sarcoplasm: mitochondria
-
found w/in cytoplasm
required for ATP energy
found b/w myofibrils - sarcoplasm: myofibrils
-
in cytoplasm
basic contractile units of musc cells
100s in cells
composed of: myofilaments & sarcomere - myofilaments
-
make up myofibrils
highly specific arrangement: cross striations/bands of pr - myofilament arrangement
- A band-anisotropic, dark; I band-isotropic, light; 2 filaments: thick-cross bridges, myosin & thin-actin, tropomyosin, troponin
- sarcomere
-
molecular unit of musc contrxn
all of sub located b/w 2 Z lines: complete A band & 1/2 I band on each side
Z line, I band, A band, H zone - Z line
- made of pr alpha actinin: holds thin filaments in place, divides I band into 2 equal halves
- I band
- divided in half by Z lines, contains only thin filaments
- A band
- 2, contain thin/thick: myosin, tropomyosin, troponin
- H zone
- in middle of A band, lighter in density than A band, does not contain any thin myofilaments in it
- sarcoplasm: transverse system (T system)
- 1.series of many tubules cotinuous w/ sarcolemma, extend into sarcoplasm & interweave w/ myofibrils; "dead end tubules" 2.fxn: conduction of action potentials from sarcolemma to interior of cell where myofibrils located
- sarcoplasm: Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
- 1.series/closed system of tubules & sacs 2.fxn: regulates Ca ion concentration in sarcoplasm & how much available for myofibrils
- sarcoplasm: triads
- made of 1 central T tubule w/ lateral sac of sarcoplasmic reticulum flanked on either side
- Micromechanics-condition of sarcomere: Partially contracted musc
- I band & H zone partial, A band no change
- Micromechanics-condition of sarcomere: Maximally contracted
-
I band disappears
H zone dimensions greatly reduced
A band no change - sliding filament theory
- myofilaments don't change length, so only way banding patterns change is when filaments slide past one another
- Myoneural/Neuromuscular Junction
- 1.axon terminal (end foot) 2.synaptic cleft-space b/w axon terminal & end plate 3. end plate-part of sarcolemma of nerve cell; specialized portion of musc cell
- sequence of events for stimulation
- 1.
- contrxn & relaxation of musc cells
- "all of none" principal: contracts completely (appropriately stimulated) or not at all (inappropriately stimulated)
- Biomechanical rxns of musc contrxn
- 1. conditions in resting musc cell 2. conditions causing contrxn of musc cells 3. conditions causing relaxation of musc cells
- conditions causing relaxation of musc cells
- Ca absorbed back into SR reducing Ca levels in myofibrils; Ca come off troponin; causes tropomyosin to return back to resting position preventing myosin cross bridges from contacting actin; ATP comes in & reacts w/ myosin cross bridges helping get them from thin fil & back to resting position
- contrxn=__ process & relaxation=__ process
- active (uses ATP); passive
- __ filaments always move while __ filaments stay in place w/ contrxn&relax
- thin; thick
- Muscle physiology
- l
- Isolated musc preperations
- types: isotonic, isometric, simple isotonic twitch, treppe effect, summation of twitches, tetanus, bioenergetics of musc activity, fatigue
- isotonic
- one end doenst move, one end freely moveable; musc shortens, changes shape, has capability to move; moving end allows musc's to do work
- isometric
- both ends fixed, no moveable; no shortening, no change in shape, no mvmt; with no mvmt, do no work; tension increases w/in musc
- simple isotonic twitch
- need stimulus of proper magnitude, causing single musc contrxn/twitch
- simple isotonic twitch: characteristics
- stimulus->twitch(Shortening of musc->musc relaxes back to norm length
- simple isotonic twitch: periods
- 1.refractory period(.005s)-no other stim than the 1 can cause contrxn 2.latent period(.01s)-from beginning of stim to beginning of contrxn; no mvmt in musc 3.contrxn period(.04s)-from beg of contrxn to max amount of contrxn 4.relaxation period(.05s)-max contrxn back to resting length
- simple isotonic twitch: duration of twitches
- 1.medial rectus(White musc) .004 s 2.gastrocnemius (mixed) .008s 3.soleus (red musc) .100s
- simple isotonic twitch: effect of stimulus intensity
- quantal summation: inc stimulus intensity->inc musc contrxn; subliminal stimuli, threshold stimulus, max stimulus
- w/ quantal summation ...
- all cells contracting follow "all or none" principal; up to max stim, then all musc cells are follwing "all or none" prin & contracting completely
- Treppe effect
- 1max stim/sec; 1st 5-6twitches show inc degrees of contrxn & then become constant; Ca ions inc for 1st 5-6twitches & temp inc inside musc cells slightly w/ 1st 5-6 twitches ...basis for warm-ups
- summation of twitches
- wave/temporal summation-2 rapid stim applied to musc w/ 2nd stim applied b/w latent & relaxation periods from 1st stim; result-contrxn caused by 2nd stim is greater than 1st b/c 100%/80% elastic forces to overcome
- significance of summation
- 1.shows refractory period in musc is very short & 2. is the basis for tetanic contrxns
- tetanus: conditions
- isolated, rapid & constant succession of max stimulus applied
- tetanus: results
- musc undergoes steady contrxn; no complete relaxation
- tetanus: types
- 1.incomplete tetanus 2.complete tetanus
- incomplete tetanus
- steady contrxn w/ partial relaxations; wave/temporal summation ... result dependent on rate stim applied
- complete tetanus
- rate of stim applied so fast musc undergoes steady contrxn w/o any relaxations at all
- significance of tetanic contrxns
- 1.its the way musc in the body contract 2.motor units begin contrxn asynchronously & begin relaxation asynchronously 3.allow for even musc contrxns, rather than instantaneous
- bioenergetics of muscular activity: source of energy
- ATP
- conversion of energy in musc cells
- 1.normal metabolism during resting/mild exercise 2.creatine phosphate reservoir 3.metabolism during vigorous exercise
- normal metabolism in musc cells during resting/mild exercise
- glycolysis & anaerobic respiration; muscle cells provide 2 sources of glucose:from blood & glycogen; glycolysis: breaks down glucose to pyruvic acid; anaerobic resp: breaks down pyruvic acid to H2O&CO2
- creatine phosphate reservoir
- ATP->musc contrxn->ADP+Pi -> CP +ADP -> ATP + C; short term biomechanic metabolism
- metabolism during vigorous exercise
- (O2 debt)1.cell resp occurs very quickly, O2 levels used faster than supplied; O2 levels in cell dec 2. cells use ATP faster than prod, ATP levels dec & ADP levels inc 3.CP being used up, CP levels dec & C levels inc 4. dominating effect:
- dominating effect:
- 1.pasteur effect:glycolysis occurring faster than cellular resp; ADP levels inc & O2levels dec 2.pyruvic acid levels inc, change to lactic acid, sent to blood, then liver, liver changes lactic acid back to pyruvic acid
- fatigue
- result of prolonged stimulus musc contrxn, musc begins to loose properties; 1.in vivo 2. in isolated musc
- vivo
- in the body, fatigue does not occur; reversible b/c connected to BV's
- isolated muscle
- no BV's connected, all rxns headed to fatigue; apply max stim 1/sec for long period of time 2. contracture 3.incomplete fatigue 4. complete fatigue
- origin
- stationary attachment of musc; less moveable end
- insertion
- opposite of origin; more moveable end of musc
- action
- description of what musc does when it contracts
- agonist/prime mover
- most important one action; causes primary movement in contrxn
- synergist
- assists primary mover
- antagonist
- opposes the action of a prime mover; 1.provides resistance to action of PM 2.resistance provided allows for even musc movements/contrxns
- flexion
- decreases angle of a joint
- extension
- increases the angle of a joint
- abduction
- moving away from the midline
- adduction
- moving toward the midline
- rotation
- part moved around central axis
- circumduction
- related to arms/legs; end of limb makes circle & length of limb describes sides of cone
- levation
- raises body part
- depression
- lowers body part
- sphincters
- circular musc that decrease the size of an opening
- tensors
- increase rigidity of a part
- supinators
- turm palm of hand upward
- pronators
- turn palm of hand downward
- Fxnal grp of skeletal muscles: Extrinsic musc of the eye
- superior/inferior/lateral/medial rectus, superior/inferior oblique
- superior rectus
- rolls eye upward towards forehead when contracts
- inferior rectus
- rolls eye downward
- lateral rectus
- rolls eye laterally
- medial rectus
- rolls eye medially toward nose
- superior oblique
- rolls eye downward & medially
- inferior oblique
- rolls eye upward and laterally
- epicranius
- 1.frontalis 2.galea aponeurotica 3.occipitalis
- neck
-
1.platysma 2.triangularis
action:draw corner of mouth/lower lip downward, control facial expressions - face musc
- orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major/minor
- orbicularis oris
- voluntary sphincter; compresses & closes lips
- zygomaticus major/minor
- pulls corners mouth upward & backward
- orbicularis oculi
- voluntary sphincter; compresses & closes eyelids
- mastication/chewing musc
- masseter, temporalis, lateral pterygoid, medial pterygoid, buccanator
- masseter
-
zygomatic arch->(angle&ramus of mandible)
PM in raising madible - temporalis
-
temporalis fossa(parietal&frontal bones)->(coronoid process of mandible)
raises & retracts mandible - lateral pterygoid
-
pterygoid process sphenoid & great wing sphenoid ->(mandibular condyle)
lowers mandible - medial pterygoid
-
pterygoid process sphenoid->(angle&ramus mandible)
raises madible - buccanator
-
alveolar processes of max/mand->(orbicularis oris)
compress cheeks together - mvmt of head
- sternocleidomastoid & splenius capitus
- sternocleidomastoid
-
sternum&clavicle->(mastoid proc temporal bone)
1.contrxn one:flex of cervical vert laterally toward side contracted 2.contrxn both:flex of cerv vert anteriorly; pulls head toward feet - splenius capitus
-
spinous proc 7th cervical, 1-4th thor vert, nuchal lig->(occipital bone & mastoid proc)
1.contrxn 1side:head rotated toward side contracted 2.contrxn both:flex cervical vert posteriorly & extends head - mvmt of shoulder girdle
- levator scapulae, rhombodeus major/minor, pectoralis minor, serratus anterior, trapezius
- levator scapulae
-
1-4 cerv vert->(superior angle scapula)
PM elevation of scapula - rhomboideus major
-
2-5th thor vert->(vertebral border scapula)
syn for elevation - both rhomb major/minor
- elevate scapula, adduct & laterally rotate scapula
- pectoralis minor
-
antagonist of levator scp/rhomb's; 3-5th ribs->(coracoid proc scapula)
depress/move inferiorly scapula - serratus anterior
-
1-8th ribs->(vertebral border scapula)
adducts scapula and moves toward chest - trapezius
- 3 regions; occipital bone, nuchal lig, 7th cerv vert & all thor vert->(clavicle, acromion & spine scapula)
- whole body of trapezius contrxn
- adducts scapula & pulls toward midline
- upper region contrxn of trapezius
- extends head
- middle region contrxn of trapezius
- elevates scapula
- lower region contrxn of trapezius
- depresses scapula
- flexion of humerus
- coracobrachialis, pectoralis major
- coracobrachialis
-
coracoid proc->(middle humerus)
PM flexion humerus - pectoralis major
-
clavicle, sternum, costal cartilages->(greater tubercle humerus)
synergist flexion humerus - extension of humerus
- teres major, latissimus dorsi
- teres major
-
inferior angle scapula->(lesser tubercle humerus)
PM extension humerus - latissimus dorsi
-
6-12th thor vert, lumbo-dorsal fascia, iliac crest->(occipital groove humerus)
synergist ext humerus - abduction of humerus
- deltoideus, supraspinatus
- deltoideus
-
clavicle, acromion & spine scapula->(deltoid tuberosity humerus)
PM abduction - supraspinatus
-
supraspinous fossa->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
synergist abduction - adduction of humerus
- pectoralis major (PM), syn:coracobrachialis, teres major, latissimus dorsi, teres minor
- teres minor
-
axillary border scapula->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
syn adduction - lateral rotation of humerus
- infraspinatus, teres minor (syn)
- infraspinatus
-
infraspinous fossa->(greater tubercle humerus, posterior side)
PM lateral rotation - medial rotation of humerus
- latissimus dorsi (PM), pectoralis major, teres major
- flexion of forearm
- biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis (when one PM, others are the syn)
- biceps brachii
-
coracoid proc scapula, upper border glenoid cavity->(radial tuberosity)
PM flexion when hand supinated - brachialis
-
mid humerus->(coronoid proc ulna)
PM flexion when hand pronated - brachioradialis
-
distal humerus->(styloid proc radius)
PM flexion when hand semi-supinated - flexion of leg/extension of thigh
- biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus
- biceps femoris:long head
-
ischial tuberosity->(head of fibula)
lateral side of thigh - biceps femoris: short head
- linea aspera of femur->(head of fibula)
- biceps femoris action
- long head PM (lat side); pull leg upward & backward
- semitendinosus
-
ischial tuberosity->(prox & medial tibia)
PM (medial side) flexion leg/ext thigh - semimembranosus
-
ischial tuberosity->(medial condyle tibia)
syn flex leg/ext thigh - flexion of leg/adduction thigh
- gracilis
- gracilis
-
pubic symphysis->(proximal medial tibia)
PM medial side of thigh - flexion leg/flexion thigh
- sartorius
- sartorius
-
anterior superior iliac spine->(prox medial tibia)
PM flex leg/thigh - extension leg/flex thigh
- quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedialis
- retus femoris
- anterior inferior iliac spine->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
- vastus lateralis
- linea aspera & greater trochanter->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
- vastus medialis
- linea aspera->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
- vastus intermedialis
- anterior femur->(quadricpes tendon encapsulating patella w/ patellar lig leading to final insertion, tibial tuberosity)
- plantar flex foot/flex leg
- gastrocnemius
- gastrocnemius
-
lateral medial condyles femur->calcaneal/achilles tendon->(calcaneus)
PM plantar flex foot/flex leg - plantar flex foot only
- soleus
- soleus
-
proximal tibia & fibula->calcaneal tendon->(calcaneus)
syn plantar flex foot - dorsiflexion foot
- tibialis anterior, peroneus tertius
- tibialis anterior
-
lateral condyle tibia->(1st tarsal & 1st metatarsal)
dorsiflex's medial side - peroneus tertius
-
distal fibula->(5th metatarsal)
dorsiflex's lateral side - eversion of foot
- peroneus longus
- peroneus longus
-
head of fibula(lat side)->(1st metatarsal & 2nd tarsal)
PM eversion foot - eversion (syn) foot/plantar flex (syn) foot
- peroneus brevis
- peroneus brevis
- middle fibula->(5th metatarsal)
- inversion (PM) & plantar flex foot (syn)
- tibialis posterior, tibialis anterior
- tibialis posterior
- porximal tibia & fibula->(prox tarsals, 2-4th metatarsals)
- flexion of small toes
- flexor digitorum longus, flexor digitorum brevis
- flexor digitorum longus
-
proximal tibia->4 sperate tendons->(distal phalanges of 4 small toes)
PM flex small toes - flexor digitorum brevis
-
calcaneus->4 smaller tendons->(middle phalanges of 4 small toes)
syn flex small toes - flexion of big toe
- flexor hallicis longus, flexor hallicis brevis
- flexor hallicic longus
-
proximal fibula->(distal phalange big toe)
PM flexion big toe - flexor hallicis brevis
-
tarsals->(prox phalange big toe)
syn flex big toe - extension of small toes
- extensor digitorum longus, extensor digitorum brevis
- extensor digitorum longus
-
lateral condyle tibia, proximal fibula->4tendons->(middle & distal phalanges small toes)
PM ext small toes - extensor digitorum brevis
-
calcaneus->4 tendons->(middle and distal phalanges small toes)
syn ext small toes - extension big toe
- extensor hallicis longus, extensor hallicis brevis
- extensor hallicis longus
-
middle fibula->(distal phalange of big toe)
PM ext big toe - extensor hallicis brevis
-
calcaneus->(prox phalange big toe)
syn ext big toe - muscles of respiration
- diaphragm, external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal cartilage muscles
- diaphragm
- contrxn causes inhalation of air pulled into lungs
- external intercostal muscles
- 1.found in intercostal spaces connecting ribs together 2.contrxn assists diaphragm in inhalation of air
- internal intercostal muscles
- 1.only fxn during functional exercise 2.contrxn causes forced exhalation out of lungs
- abdominal wall muscles (4)
- external obliques, internal obliques, transversus abdominis, rectus abdominis
- external obliques
- most superficial layer
- transversus abdominis
- run horizontally
- rectus abdominis
- run vertically
- actions of all abdominal wall muscles
- compress abdomen to assist in forced expiration, tension in trunk (posture), urination/micturation, childbirth/parturation, vomitting, defecation
- extension forearm
- triceps brachii: lateral, long, and medial heads
- triceps brachii
-
a) origin: long head of the axillary border of the scapula
b) insertion: olecranon process of the ulna - flexor carpi radialis- lateral side of wrist
-
1) origin: medial epicondyle of the humerus
2) insertion: 2nd metacarpal - palmaris longus
-
1) origin- medial epicondyle humerus
2) insertion- flexor retinaculum of wrist - flexor caarpi ulnaris- medial side
-
) origin- medial edpicondyle of humerus; olecranon of ulna
2) insertion- 5th metacarpal - extensor carpi radialis longus
-
a) origin- distal humerus
b) insertion- 2nd metacarpal - extensor carpi radialis brevis
-
a) origin- lateral epicondyle humerus
b) insertion- 3rd metacarpal - extensor carpi ulnaris
-
a) origin- lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b) insertion- 5th metacarpal - extensor digitorum communis
-
a) origin- lateral epicondyle of the humerus
b) insertion- distal phalanges of fingers - abduction of hand
-
1) extensor carpis radialis (PM)- lateral side of wrist
2) extensor carpi radialis brevis (SYN)
3) flexor carpi radialis (SYN) - adduction of hand
-
1) extensor carpi ulnaris (PM)
2) flexor carpi ulnaris (SYN) - supination of hand
- supinator: lateral epicondyle humerus
- supinator
-
i. Origin- proximal ulna
ii. Insertion- anterior proximal radius - pronation of hand
- pronator teres, medial epicondyle humerus, pronator quadratus
- medial epicondyle humerus
-
i. Origin- coronoid proc. Ulna
ii. Insertion- med. radius lateral edge - pronator quadratus
-
i. Origin- distal ulna
ii. Insertion- distal radius - flexion of fingers
- flexor digitorum profundus
- flexor digitorum profundus
-
1) origin- proximal ulna > common tendon>
2) insertion- 4 tendons: one to each- distal phalange of the fingers - extension of fingers
- extensor digitorum communis
- flexion of thumb
- flexor pollicis longus (PM), flexor pollicus brevis (SYN)
- flexor pollicis longus (PM
-
1) origin- proximal to mid radius
2) insertion- distal phalange thumb - flexor pollicus brevis (SYN)
-
1) origin- flexor retinaculum: 1st carpal
2) insertion- proximal phlange thumb; pull thumb forward and upward - extension of thumb
- extensor pollicis longus: pM, extensor pollicis brevis (SYN)
- extensor pollicis longus: pM
-
1) origin- mid ulna
2) insertion- distal phalange thumb - extensor pollicis brevis (SYN)
-
1) origin- mid RADIUS
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb - abduction of thumb
-
abductor pollicis longus (PM)
abductor pollicis brevis (SYN) - abductor pollicis longus (PM)
-
1) origin- mid radius and ulna
2) insertion- 1st metacarpal- on side, instead on anterior of phalanges - abductor pollicis brevis (SYN)
-
1) origin- flexor retinaculum
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb - adduction of thumb
- adductor pollicis
- adductor pollicis
-
1) origin- 1st carpal, 2nd and 3 rd metacarpals
2) insertion- proximal phalange thumb - flexion of thigh/femur
- psoas major, iliacus
- psoas major
-
1) origin- transves processes of all lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
2) insertion- lesser trochanter of femur