Biology CH. 6 AND 7 test
Terms
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- elements
-
-a substance that can't be broken down into a simpler chemical substance
-25 are essential for living organisms - symbols
- general symbols- C=carbon, H=hydrogen, He=helium, etc.
- trace elements
-
-elements that are present in very small amounts
(ex. I=iodine, Zn=zinc, Co=cobalt, Cu=copper, Fe=iron)
-know 3
-% in human body=trace - Table 6.1, Elements that make up the human body
-
Oxygen-O-65%,
Carbon-C-18.5%,
Hydrogen-H-9.5%,
Nitrogen-N-3.3%,
Calcium-Ca-1.5%,
Phosphorus-P-1.0% - atoms
-
-the basic building blocks of all matter
-the smallest part of an element that has characteristics of that element - Nucleus
-
center of the atom
-positively charged - protons
- positively charged particles
- neutrons
- no charge
- electrons
- negatively charged
- electron energy levels
-
1st energy level----2
2nd level----8
3rd level----8
4th level----10 - isotopes
- atoms of the same substance that have different #'s of neutrons (more)
- covalent bond
-
-atoms share electrons
-not always shared equally
EXAMPLE: - water
-
-makes up 70-95% of most organisms
-water is polar - polar molecule
-
molecule with an unequal distribution of charge
ex- water - Label an atom, structure
-
This is a labled atom. - MOLECULE
- a group of atoms held together by covalent bond
- ION
- a charged particle made of atoms
- ionic bond + example
-
The attractive force between two ions of opposite charge
EXAMPLE: chlorine and sodium - COMPOUND
- a substance that is composed of 2 or more different elements that are chemically combined
- Electron cloud
- the region of space surrounding the nucleus/ELECTRON
- Hydrogen bonds
- The attraction of opposite charges between hydrogen and oxygen which makes a weak bond. HELPS HOLD PROTEINS TOGETHER
- capillary action
- water can climb up tubes
- WATER TEMPERATURE CHANGES
-
'heats up slowly ---> requires a lot of heat to increase temp.
'cools off quikly
'good insulator (ex. wetsuits)
"Important for cells
"Helps maintain homeostasis - Ice
-
'expands when it freezes
'ice is less dense than water--->floats
LiQUID- MOVES AROUND
ICE- ORGANIZED - Diffusion
- the net movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
- Brownian motion
- Diffusion results because of the random movement of particles
- Dynamic equilibrium
- the molecules continue to move randomly and collide with one another; however, no further charge in concentration will occur
-
rate of diffusion chart
-affects of temperature, pressure and concentration -
title- Rate of Diffusion
see Question - Single Bond
-
C-C Carbon can bond with other carbon atoms
SHARE 1 e- - Double Bond
-
C-C When each atom shares two electrons
SHARE 2 e- - Triple Bond
-
C-C When each atom shares three electrons
SHARE 3 e- -
Isomers
GLUCOSE/FRUCTOSE -
--> C 6 H 12 O 6
Isomers- compounds w/ the same chemical formula but different physical structure - Biomolecules
-
Large organic proteins that have Carbon
ex- proteins - Carbon--->Organic
- Organic molecuels contain Carbon and Hydrogen
-
Polymers
-condensation
-hydrolysis -
polymers: a large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together
-formed by condensation (1 molecule joins larger chain and forms bigger polymer)
-breaks polymers apart (takes ine part of polymer off) - Carbohydrates
- a biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, USED BY CELLS TO PROVIDE ENERGY
- -Monosaccharide
-
simplest type of carb, simple sugar
ex- fructose, glucose - Disaccharide
-
2 monosaccharides combined
ex- Glucose + Fructose = Sucrose - Polysaccharide
-
More than 2 monosac's
ex- starch, glycogen, cellulose - Lipids
-
-C, H or small amount of O
EX. FATS, OILS, WAXES
-non-polar = insoluble in water
-3 Fatty acids and 1 glycerol
Fatty acid=long chain of C + H
Glycerol=3 C molecuel which is backbone for lipid -
1 Saturated
2 Unsaturated
3 Polyunsaturated -
1- Carbon have single bonds
2- Carbon have double bonds
3- Carbon have triple bonds - Protiens
-
carry out metabolism + give structure to tissue
-C,H,N,O + sometimes S -
1- amino acids
2- Peptide bond
3- Importance of Shape
4- Enzymes -
1- basic building blocks of proteins
- some acidic, some basic, some no charge
-->causes them to attract/repel eachother
2- covalent bond b/w amino acids
- diff shapes and sizes
3- b/c if an amino acid sequence changes the protein may fold diff and won't be able to do its job
4- a protein that changes the rate of a chemical reaction--> speeds them up - Nucleic ACIDS
- COMPLEX biomolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code --> blueprint
-
1- Nucleotides
2- 3 groups: Nitrogen base, simple sugar and phosphate group
3- DNA and RNA -
1- smaller sub-units that make up polymers
2-3 groups: nitrogenous base, simple sugar, phosphate group
3- Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid
DNA- MASTER COPY OF ORGANISMS INFORMATION CODE, DETERMINES HOW AN ORGANISM LOOKS AND ACTS
RNA- copy of DNA used for making proteins - Cells
- basic units of living organisms
- Cell Theory
-
1- all organisms are composed of 1 or more cells
2- basic units of structure and function of organisms
3- All cells come from preexisting cells - pOKARYOTIC VRS. EUKARYOTIC
-
prokaryotic- (bacteria)
1- do not contain membrane bound organelles (small specialized structures w/in cells
Eukaryotic (animal and plant cells)
- 1- membrane bound organelles
2- most multicellular organisms
3- can be unicellular
4- yeast, amoeba and some algae -
Organelles
1- Cell Wall
2- Nucleus
3- Neucleolus
4- ribosomes
5- cytoplasm
6- nuclear envelope
7- ER
8- Golgi Apparatus
9-Vacuole
10- Lysosomes
11- Choloroplasts
12-Mitochondria
13- Cytoske -
1- provides additional support and protection outside membrane, non-selective
2- brain of the cell, directions 4 proteins
3- where chromosomes are made
4- where cells produce proteins
-->directions from DNA
5- clear fluid inside cell
6- seperates the nucleus from the cytoplasm
7- site of cellular chemical reactions
8- sorts proteins and packs them into membrane bound structures and sends them away
9- stores food,enzymes and waste
10- contain digestive enzymes
11- captures sunlight/energy and converts it to chemical energy
12- transform energy
13- used for support and structure
-constantly changing shape
-microtubles (cylinder) and microfilaments (protein fibers) - Plasma Membrane
-
flexible boundary b/w cell and its environment that allows a steady supply of nutrients to come into the cell despite the outer conditions
-glucose, amino acids + lipids -
Phospholipid
Phospholipid Bilayer -
-lipids-->3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol
-if u replace a fatty acid w/ a phosphate you get a phospholipid
-->2 fatty acids, 1 phosphate, 1 glycerol
SEE PICTURE IN NOTES
head is polar--> soluble in water
tail is non polar--> insoluble in water - proteins
-
throughout entire membrane
-help regulate which molecules enter and leave the cell