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Biology terms

Terms

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palisade mesophyll
a group of photosynthetic cell assembled together to perform photosynthesis
phosodiester bond
bond that connects nucleic acid
centromere
specialized region that links chromatids together
cell theory
all living organisms are composed of cells; all prokaryotic cell do not have a nucleus; all eukaryotic cells do have a nucleus;all living things come from pre-existing cells through cell division
anti -codon
A nucleotide triplet at one end of a tRNA molecule that recognizes a particular complementary codon on an mRNA molecule.
chitin
amino beta glucose
osmosis
movement of water molecules from a higher level of concentration to alower level of concentration
genetics
to study the transfromation between parents and their offspring
beta glucose
where the OH group is above carbon 1
phenotype
external appearance
hyptonic solution
animal cell swell and burst; vacuoles of plant cell swell pushing the cell contents out against the cel wall
transcription
when DNA helps produce RNA
anatomy
the study the internal structure of organs within the living body
flagella
long projection fromthe cell surface that functions to move a sperm cell
organelle
small structure within the cells which performs specific functions
physiology
to study the function of the organisms
codon
A group of three bases in an mRNA molecule that specifies a particular amino acid.
microvilli
specialized extensions of the cell membrane that increase the surface area of cells; important in absorption of materials
pinocytosis
ingestion of liquid cell particles
telophase
one cell completely seperates into 2 cells ready to go into the next phase
molecular biology
to study of living things at a molecular level
saturated fatty acid
single covalent bond needed to connect carbon
microtubules
protein tubules; assist in cell division and help to from cilia and flagella
meiosis
the chromosome number changes fro m 2n to 1n haploid
nucleus
the control center of the cell; surrounded by double layer nuclear membrane
anabolism
build up body mass
beta glucose
monomer for cellulose
stoma
place in between the guard cell near the lower epidermis
maltose
2 glucose
mitosis
the chromosome number changes from 2n to 2n diploid
granum
stack of thylakoid membrane
cuticle
part of the upper epidermis that holds in water and reflects sunlight
g1 phase
synthesis of RNA and protein
exocytosis
any substance moving away from the cell
plasma membrane
encloses the cytoplasm
polymer
consists of many monomer; big molecule
cilia
projections from the cell surface that move materials embedded in mucus
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
membrane without ribosomes; site of lipid synthesis
golgi apparatus
closely packed stacks of membranes; collects,modifies,packages,and distributes protein and lipid molecules
tissue
a group of cells assembled together to perform a specific function
embryology
to study the development of the embryo
cristae
the folding area in the inner membrane of the mitchondria that produce ATP
taxonomy
to name and classify living things
zoology
the study of animals
biochemistry
to study living things with the use of chemicals
secretory vesicle
membrane bound sac that pinches off from the Golgi apparatus and releases its contents to the cell's exterior
peptide bond
bond between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxylic group of another amino acid
adaptation
organism cahnges to adapt to their new environment
lysosome
produce hydrolytic enzyme to break down the food in the lysosome
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
membrane with ribosomes; site of protein synthesis
homeostasis
to maintain the internal balance condition within the internal environment
translation
produce protein by doubling; translate nitrogen based sequence into amino acid based sequence
ester bond
bond that connects the glycerol and fatty acid in fat molecules
morphology
the study of the external feature of an living organism
glycolysis
the process down that states one molecule of glucose can break down into 2 pyruvate acids and 8 ATP
centriole
founder only in animal cell; connected to spindle fibers during mitosis;chromosomes move toward them during cell division
fatty acid
compound has two functional groups the carboxylic group and the methyl group
covalent bond
bond between 2 elements that share electrons in order to satisfy the octate rule
stroma
where dark reaction takes place;place between granum in the chloroplast
species
a group of living organisms that have the same number of chromosomes and can produce fertile offspring
metabolism
the chemical reaction taken place in the body
facilitated diffusion
movement of substances from a higher level of concentration to a lower level of concentration using protein carrier molecules
diffusion
movement of substances from a higher level of concentration to a lower level of concentration
chlorophyll a
contains CH3 and methyl group
endocytosis
any substance moving into the cell
chlorophyll b
contains CHO and aldehyde group
ribosome
site of protein synthesis
isomer
only found in organic compound; same formula but different structure
Law of segregation
meiosis similar genes seperate
mitochondria
rod shape organelles with an inner and outer membrane; major site of ATP production
hypertonic solution
animal cell shrinks;plant cell vacuoles collapse
variable
substance being tested in the experiment
thermodynamics
the study of interelationship of transfroming into 1 type of energy into another
photosynthesis
the process taken place in plant cell which can combine carbon dioxide and water to make glucose in the chloroplast
histology
the study of tissue withinnthe living organism's body organs
tetrad
four chromatids of a pair of chromosomes
Law of independent assortment
different gene combine together put into gametes
lactose
1 glucose+ 1 galactose
xylem
conducts water and dissolves minerals carries water upward fro m the root to every part
cellulose
type of beta glucose
nucleotide
monomer for nucleic acid
active transport
movement of substance against gradient concentration to higher concentration
alpha glucose
where the OH group is below carbon 1
solute
substance being dissolved
isotonic solution
animal cell and plant cell remain the same
phloem
conducts the nutrients from leaves to the whole part of plant body in roundtrip way
glycosidic linkage
bond that connects carbohydrates
adhesion
different molecules attract to each other
cytokinesis
chromosomes begin to unravel and resemble the genetic material during interphase
thylakoid membrane
the membrane where light reaction takes place in granum within chloroplast
catabolism
break down body mass
unsaturated fatty acid
double or triple covalent bond needed to connect carbon
sucrose
1 glucose + 1 fructose
octate rule
each element has 8 electrons in the intermost energy level so it can be stable
wavelength
the measurement from crest to crest or trough to trough
ecology
the study of interrelationships or interactions between an organism and its environment
testing cross
the process where the f1 generation cross to see if the parent is pure or not
filtration
movement of particles through the semipermeable membrane
s phase
synthesis of DNA
isotope
same number of protons different number of neutrons
Surface Area
Length X width X number of sides
nucleolus
site of ribosomal subunit production
Volume
Length X Width X Height
monomer
building block of a big molecule
cytoplasm
living material surrounding the nucleus of a cell; contains organelles
prophase
chromosomes become visible
solubility
the amount of solute that can be dissolved in a certain amount of solvent in any given amount
amino acid
monomer for protein
enzyme
protein that speeds up the chemical reaction
eukaryotic cell
cell with a nucleus
amino acid
compound that contains amino group and the carboxylic group
botany
the study of plants
anaphase
chromosomes move toward the pole
genotype
total combination of all types of genes
alpha glucose
monomer for starch and glycogen
solvent
sunstance dissloving another substance
cytology
to study the cell structure and cell function within the tissue
cohesion
similar molecules attract to each other
prokaryotic cell
cell without a nucleus
calorie
energy that can raise 1 degree celcius of 1 gram of pure water from14.5 degree celcius to15.5 degree celcius under one atmosphere
metaphase
chromosomes align along the center of the cell
reproduction
all organism are capable of producing either asexually or sexually
cisternae
found in the endoplasmic reticulum
phagocytosis
ingestion of solid cell particles
g2 phase
postsynthesis of DNA

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