Fundamentals of IR
Terms
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- Principles of Wendt
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-people assign meaning to things
-identities are relational
-identities and interests constitute structure through interaction
-social threats are constructed through interaction
-survival doesn't necessarily entail self-regardingness - Wendt's 3 Stages of Identity Change
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1. breakdown of consensus of identity
2. question of old ideas; examination of old structure
3. acting as you think new identity should be - Sikkink
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Human Rights
-state-centric theory: over time, states will fowllow other states' example
-non-statist theory: norm cascade--spillovr from one state to another - Norm Life Cycle (Finnemore)
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1. norm emergence
2. norm cascade
3. internalization - Transnational Advocacy Networks
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-particular cause based on a principle value
-non-rationalist
-core is the info they provide
-can change the way issues are defined to persuade a change in behavior
-4 ways of mobilizing support: info, symbolic, leverage, and accountability politics
-boomerang effect - Boomerang Effect
- domestic groups can't pressure states directly so they appeal outwards to TANs who can then look back towards the state and apply pressure
- Krasner
- regimes
- Regimes
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-Krasner
-principles, norms, and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given issue area
-principles: beliefs
-norms: why states collaborate
-rules: what states collaborate about
-decision-making processes: collective choice rules
-procedures: how states collaborate - ICC
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-individuals can and should be held accountable
-ad hoc tribunals are geographically limited, costs and delays occur, only look to the past
-created by treaty--not imposed by a hegemon
-rumsfeld's myths - Nye's New World Orders
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-brought by an information revolution (digital divide?)
-World Federalism
-Functionalism
-Regionalism
-Ecologism
-Cyber Feudalism - Haas
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-Epistemic Communities
-Mediterranean Pollution Control - Epistemic Communities
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-Haas
-network of professionals with recognized epertise and competence in a particular domain and an authoritative claim to politcy-relevant knowledge within that domain or issue area
-if it can agree, it will be stronger and countries will be more likely to comply
-crisis situation can strengthen it
-if it loses consensus, states will stop cooperating
-different from TANs in that they're smaller and based on expertise - Slaughter
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New World Order
-Judges, Regulators, and legislators
-global legal system happens because it's practical
-3 organizing principles: checks and balances, positive conflict, pluralism, persuasion and learning
-regulators: bureacrats involved in environmental, anti-trust, law enforcement policy
-with globalization, transfer of power to transgovernmental groups to solve problems - Hardin and Homer-Dixon
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-resources are scarce
-tragedy of commons
-solution are administrative laws, reduce population (not volunteerism) - Simon
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-resources are infinite
-can't quantify resources because we'll develop new technologies - Schelling
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Problems with Kyoto
-we don't have the info that says quota system works
-not about observable actions (enforcement?)
-will encourage people to pollute as much as possible until they fill the quota--get as much out of it as possible - Rotberg
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Failed States
-deaths in combat
-political corruption
-democratic participation restrictions
-economic downwards spiral
****Individuals are ultimately the reason states fail**** - Kaufman
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Ethnic Ties
-you always identify with your ethnic group (not same with ideological groups)
-only way to peace is to separate ethnicities
-ethnic divisions escalate over time - Ikenberry
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Three Grand Strategies
-Realism: bibolarity of cold war
-Liberalism: institutions and low politics
-Unilateralism: Bush Doctrine - Nye-Unilateralism vs. Multilateralism
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unilateralism is okay when....
-vital security is at stake
-intervention is needed in a volatile area that other states aren't able to go into
-trying to form a TAN, NGO, treaty, etc. - Parallel Unilateralism
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-Nye
-U.S. is willing to work multilaterally if it coincides with its immediate self-interest - Krauthammer
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Torture
-U.S. end is security (debate is over means)
-Torture is okay as long as it's done in the name of security