Pharmacology Final Exam 2
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- 0.45% NaCl
- 1/2 normal saline
- acetaminophen (Tylenol)
- liver toxic
- acyclovir (Zovirax)
- treating the symptoms of herpes (genital, simplex, zoster); also used to treat chickenpox
- adenosine (Adenocard)
- management of rapid HR (supraventricular tachycardia)
- albumin 25% (Albuminar)
- used to treat hypoalbuminemia, third spacing, etc. by increasing the colloid oncotic pressure
- albuterol (Ventolin)
- hold for increased HR or BP
- amikacin (Amikin)
- nephrotoxicity; monitor BUN and creatinine levels
- amiodarone (cordarone)
- indicated for ventricular arrhythmias (PVCs, V-tach, V-fib)
- amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
- defeat beta-lactamase producing organisms
- amphotericin B (Fungizone)
- pre-medicate with antipyretics, corticosteroids, antihistamines, meperidine, and antiemetics
- ampicillin (Omnipen)
- cross-sensitive with cephalosporins
- anastrozole (Arimidex)
- blocks estrogen receptors
- aropiprazole (Abilify)
- extrapyramidal reactions (tardive dyskinesias)
- atropine sulfate (generic)
-
treatment of symptomatic bradycardia and heart blocks (increases
heart rate); treatment of pesticide and nerve agent poisonings; contraindicated in glaucoma - beclomethasone (Vanceril)
- asthma prophylaxis; rinse mouth out with water (will cause fungal infections)
- benztropine (Cogentin)
- contraindicated in glaucoma
- blood products
-
whole blood and packed red blood cells can transmit oxygen; fresh frozen
plasma contains clotting factors - bosentan (Tracleer)
- indicated for pulmonary arterial hypertension
- ceftriaxone (Rocephin)
- cross blood/brain barrier; effective against CNS infections (meningitis)
- cephradine (Velosef)
- broad spectrum; cross-sensitive with penicillins
- ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
- broad spectrum
- corticosteroid drugs
-
contraindicated in active infections; adverse effects include adrenal
suppression (Cushing’s syndrome), elevated blood sugar, and osteoporosis; do not stop abruptly
cortisone (Cortisone)
dexamethasone (Decadron) – reduce cerebral edema in meningitis
methylprednisilone (Solu-Medrol)
prednisone (Deltasone) - cyclosporine (Sandimmune)
-
decrease immune response by inhibiting T-cell activity; adverse
effects may include opportunistic infections - D5W
- (dextrose, 5% in water)
- demeclocycline (Demclomycin)
- tetracycline; pregnancy D
- desmopressin (DDAVP)
- treatment of diabetes insipidus
- dextrose 50% in water (D50W)
- indicated for hypoglycemia
- diazoxide (Hyperstat)
- indicated for emergency treatment of hypertension
- digoxin (Lanoxin)
- increases force of cardiac contractions (+ inotropic), slows HR (- chronotropic); contraindicated in HR < 60 bpm
- digoxin immune Fab (Digibind)
- digoxin antidote; adverse effects include increased pulmonary edema
- diltiazem (Cardizem)
-
indicated for hypertension and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT);
calcium channel blockers decrease HR and BP!!! - dopamine (Intropin)
- treatment of shock along with adequate fluid replacement
- doxycycline (Doxy Caps)
- tetracycline; treatment of anthrax; pregnancy D
- echinacea
- counters immunosuppressant drugs; blocks drugs for TB, cancers, and HIV
- enalapril (Vasotec)
- adverse effects include hypotension, dry cough, and tachycardia
- enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
- prevents seroconversion
- enoxaparin (Lovenox)
- same as heparin, but safer because it blocks only one clotting factor; so safe patients may give themselves injections at home
- epoetin alfa (Procrit)
- stimulates RBC production in the bone marrow
- famotidine (Pepcid)
- interferes with drug/food absorption
- filgrastim (Neupogen)
- increases WBCs
- furosemide (Lasix)
- diuretic; inhibits reabsoprtion of lytes and water in the loop of Henle; cross-sensitive with sulfonamide antibiotics
- ginko biloba
- increases coagulation times when taken with warfarin
- glipizide (Glucotrol)
- stimulates pancreatic cells to produce insulin
- glucogon (GlucaGen)
- contraindication in starvation (no hepatic stores of glucose)
- haloperidol (Haldol)
-
used acutely as “chemical handcuffs;†extrapyramidal reactions (tardive
dyskinesia) - heparin (porcine heparin)
- prevents new clots from forming
- hydromorphone (Dilaudid)
- adverse effects may include respiratory depression or arrest
- ibuprofen (Advil)
- inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; contraindicated in GI bleeding
- inamrinone (Inocor)
- short-term management of CHF not responding to digoxin or after digibind
- insulins
- contraindicated in hypoglycemia
- rDNA insulin analog (Lispro R)
- give with first bite of food
- rDNA insulin glargin (Lantus)
- 24-hour insulin; give one dose daily at bedtime; SQ only, never IV
- interferon alfa-2b (Intron-A)
- adjunct with other drugs to treat leukemias, MS, chronic hepatitis (A, B, C), and AIDS
- isoniazid (INH)
- prophylaxis for TB exposure
- isosorbide (Isordil)
- long-acting nitrate; concurrent use with Viagra can result in profound hypotension
- Lactated Ringer’s solution
- replaces water and electrolytes; balance salt solution
- leucovorin (Wellcovorin)
- protects healthy cells from antimetabolites
- levonorgestrel (Norplant)
- used to treat men with prostate cancer
- lidocaine (Xylocaine)
-
ventricular arrhythmias (PVCs, V-tach, V-fib); do not use with
epinephrine for a digital block - lithium carbonate (Carbolith)
- contraindicated in CV diseases
- loperamide (Imodium)
- used for diarrhea, esp. r/t tube feeding and antibiotic use; contraindicated in diarrhea caused by toxins (salmonella, shigella, etc.) because it will prevent the organisms from being moved out of the bowl and can cause toxic megacolon
- mannitol (Osmitrol)
- osmotic diuretic; reabsorption of lytes and water (potent kaluretic); adverse effects include transient volume expansion, hypokalemia, and phlebitis at the IV site (hypertonic)
- methotrexate (Folex)
- causes bone marrow depression, but it can be reduced with leucovorin rescue
- metoclopramide (Reglan)
- accelerates gastric emptying
- metronidazole (Flagyl)
- indicated in amebic dysentery and PCP
- morphine sulfate
- can cause respiratory depression or arrest
- nevirapine (Viramune)
- prevents seroconversion; adverse effects include severe fatigue, anemia, and bone marrow suppression
- oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
- indicated for avian flu (H5N1 virus)
- propranolol (Inderal)
- lowers BP and HR; contraindicated in asthma and COPD
- protamine sulfate (generic)
- heparin antidote
- reteplase (Retavase)
- lyses thrombi; specific only to newly formed clots
- rofecoxib (Vioxx)
- increases prothrombin which causes increased clotting
- somatropin (Humatrope)
- long bone X-rays are essential prior to administering to children to be sure that their epiphyses (growth plates) have not closed
- spironolactone (Aldactone)
- must teach patient not to eat foods rich in potassium
- sublingual nitroglycerine tablets (Nitro Bid)
-
contraindicated in hypotension and concurrent
use with Viagra (profound hypotension) - tadalafil (Cialis)
- contraindicated in men using nitrates for angina (profound hypotension)
- technetium (99mTc, a radioactive isotope)
- must do serum pregnancy test
- trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Septra)
- cross-sensitive with furosemide (Lasix)
- vancomycin (Vancocin)
- used for MRSA; monitor IV sites frequently; do frequent peak and trough levels of BUN and creatinine to monitor for renal function
- warfarin sodium (Coumadin)
- interferes with vitamin K clotting factors
- zidovudine (AZT)
- prevents seroconversion
- α-tocopherol (vitamin E)
- best antioxidant; donates electron and becomes a free radical; vitamin C donates an electron to it to turn it back into vitamin E