lindmark final - organisms
Terms
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- Mollicutes
- Mycoplasmasm, no cell wall, pleomorphic, pcn resistant, sterols stablize membrane, most nonmotile, smallest bacteria that can self-replicate
- Corynebacterium
- some are harmless soil and water saprophytes, many are animal/human pathogens, pleomorphic, club-shapped when isolated from humans, high GC
- genus plantomyces
- attach to surfaces through stalk
- stickland reaction
- oxidation of one aa using another as electron acceptor
- salmonella
- enteric bacteria, causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, most common food born illness
- Cyanobacteria have phototrophic relationship with
- Lichen
- Genus Bordetella
- gram - coccobacili, aerobic, require organic sulfur or aa to grow, causes pertussis
- Group A streptococci
- extracellular enzymes that break down host molecules, activite factors that dissolved blood clots, produce capsules that retard phagocytosis, transmitted via droplets, direct and indirect contact
- Family Staphylococcaceae
- 4 genera, facultative anaerobes, usually catalase positive, normal inhabitant sof upper resp, skin, GI, vagina, can affect every organ and tissue
- Plague
- disease of rodents, spread by fleas, 3 stages: bubes - swollen lymth nodes (most common), black - purple skin, pneumonic, in lungs, tx with tetracycline
- Cyanobacteria is major producer
- Oxygen
- Phylum Planctomycetes
- have unique compartmentalized cells that lack peptidoglycan.
- Prebiotics
- oligosaccharide polymers that are not processed until they enter large intestine
- Genus Brucella
- gram - coccobacili, causes undulant fever (brucellosis)
- what is lactobacilli used for?
- ferment vegetables, pickles, sourkraut, beer, wine, sour dough bread, cheese, yogurt, spoilage of beer, milk, meat
- p. fluorescens
- fluorescent white pigment, major cause of food spoilage, grow at 4C, NOT distroyed by pasturization, tx is usually topical
- metabolism of mycoplasmas
- chemoorganotrophs, produce ATP via glycolysis and latic acid ferm, incomplete TCA, sme catabolize aa and urea, grow via fermentation
- test for diff between s. aureus and s. epi
- coagulase, aureus is positive
- How is Borrelia burgdorferi named?
- After a person
- Genus Chlamydia
- nonmotile, coccoid, gram- bacteria, lack muramic acid and peptidoglycan, grows intercellularly within host
- coxiella burnetti causes
- causes Q fever
- Vibrio cholerae
- causes cholera, two circular chromosomes, not found in US waters
- cholera pathogensis
- organisms adhere to intestinal mucosa of sm intestine, secrete toxin choleragen, tonis gene carrd by lysogenic CTX, clear diarrhea with wbc, causes massive water loss, organism must be ingested in high numbers
- Order Vibrionales
- eight genera, straight or curved rods, polar flafella, aquatic, important pathogens
- Firmicutes
- phylum of low G+C bacteria, 3 classes: Mollicutes, Clostridia, Bacilli
- coxiella parasitic life style
- enters host via phagocytosis, remains in phagosome, reproduces in phagolysosome, host cell bursts
- Micrococcus
- large organisms, aerobic, catalase + rods, pais, tetrads, clusters, non-motile, yellow, orange, red, widespread soil water, human skin, high GC
- Mycobacterium cell wall
- contians waxes with 60-90 carbon mycolic acids , acid-fast (appear pink/red), cell wall prevents damage by macrophages and PCN compounds
- protoblasts
- remove cell wall - left with cytoplas membrane
- Order Lactobacillales
- lactic acid bacteria, nonsporing, nonmotile, ferments sugars, like pH 4.5-6.4
- neisseria gonorrhoea causes
- causes gonorrhea
- Chlamydia life cycle over-view
- 1) elementary body attaches to plasma membrane 2) EB is engulfed by phatosome and becomes reticulate body, 3) RB reproduces via binary fission and turn back into EB 4) phagosome is lysed and EBs are releaed
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- strep sore throat, acute glomerulonphritis and rhumatic fever
- Bdellovibrio
- predatory bacteria, complex life cycle, host cell's biochemical resources used by predator, small, flagellated progeny lyse host cell, antibacertial use with poultry
- how do Unicellular cyanobacteria divide?
- Binary fission
- Genus Clostridium
- over 100 species, fermentative metabolism, ferments aa using stickland reaction, ferm results in unpleasent orders associated with putrefaction
- peptidoglycan structure
- differs among gram positive groups as well as between gram positive and gram negative organisms
- Genus Rhizobium
- in genus Rhizobiales, motile rods, grow symbiotically as nitrogen-fixing bacteriods within root nodule cells of legumes, becomes pleomorphic under adverse condition
- Leuconstocaceae
- faculative, gram +, cocci, carrys out heterolactic fermentation usuing phosphoketolase pathway, produces more than just latic acid
- Genus Listeria
- short rods, motile, peritrichous flagella, catalase positive, aerobic/faculative, common in decaying matter
- Pseudomonas imporance
- degrade wide variety of substances: most antibiotics, pesticides in soil, oil spills, major cause of food spoilage
- Escherichia coli
- best studied bacterium, oppatunist pathogen, causes gastroenteritis, can cause UTI (usually with P. vulgaris)
- rickettsia typhi causes
- causes typhus fever
- How do Colonial forms of Cyanobacteria divide?
- multiple fission.
- Class Bacilli
- large variety, gram +, aerobic
- Characteristics of Phylum Spirochaetes
- gram- bacteria with distinctive structure and motility. slender, long helical, flexible, crawling motion due to axialfilament, chemoheterotrophs
- B. thuringiensis
- distroys metabolism of certin insects, used on corn, soybean
- Saccharomyces cerevisiae
- baker's yeast
- Enterococcus faecalis
- oppatunist, UTI, endocarditis
- Filamentous cyanobacteria reproduce by
- fragmentation of filaments
- P. aeruginosa
- produce green pigments, often infects cystic fibrosis pts, usually fatal to kids,
- Streptomycetes
- common in soil, important in mineralization process, produce vast array of antibiotics, high C content
- Pseudomonadales
- fresh water, hard to treat, break down fluid, strict aerobes, gram -, rods, motile
- Cyanobacteria have symbiotic relationship with
- Protozoa and fungi
- Actinomycetes usage
- source of most currently used antibiotics, produce metabolities that are anticancer, antihelminthic, immunosuppresice, mold-like appearace, complex life cycle
- protiotics
- added to diet in order to provide healthy benefits beyoind basic nutritive value, ie immunodilation, contol of diarrhea, anticancer effects, decrease e-coli in beef,
- imporatance of Leuconostoc
- wine production, production of sourkraut, pickles, buttermilk, butter, cheese, systhsis of dextrans, food spoilage
- phylum cyanobacteria
- largest, most diverse group of photosynthetic bacteria, obligate photolithoautrophs, blue green color
- Phylum Chlamydiae
- gram-, obligate intracellular parasites, need to be in cell to replicate, have both types of nucleic acid, cuase STD and eye infection and can lead to blindness
- Bacillus subtilis
- used as model orgamism for cellular differentiation, one of the first genomes to be sequenced, certin strains produce various antibiotics, suspectible ro lysogenic state viruses,
- rickettsia and coxiella charasterics
- rod-shapped, coccoid, pleomorphic, no flagella, very small, can be parasitic or mutualistic, parasitic form grows in wbcm rbcm edothelial cells
- bottom yeast
- used in production of beers at cold temps
- Helicobacter
- 14 species, colonizes surface of stomach
- pseudomonas
- exceptionally heterogeneous, many classified by rRNA groups, one polar flagella, functional TCA cycles, O2 is e common acceptor, sometimes N
- neisseria meningitidis causes
- causes meningitis
- top yeast
- used in production of ales
- rickettsia prowazekii causes
- causes typhus fever
- actinomycetes
- gram +, high GC, rods, most nonmotile, non heat resistant spores, classificated by appearance, morphology, color, cell wall composition, play imporant role in mineralization of organic matter
- cause of lake blooms in nutrient rich ponds and lakes
- Cyanobacteria
- proteobacteria summary
- 1.) many are pathogens 2.) some are free-living 3.) many responsible for nitrogen fixation, 4.) defined primarily in terms of rRNA sequences, 5.) both motile and non-motile, 6.) gram -
- phylum proteobacteria
- largest bacterial group, over 2000 species in more than 500 genera, divided into five sections basesed on rRNA sequences
- rickettsia metabolism
- lack glycolytic pathway, oxidize glutamate and TCY cycle intermediates, take up and use ATP and other materials from host cell
- actinomyces
- straight or slightly curved rods, slender filaments with branching, facultative or obligate aerobes, normal flora in humans (oral)
- Gonorrhea
- caused by N. gonorrhoeae, disease of mucous membranes of GI, eye, rectum, throat, can be transmitted during birth->ophthalmia neonatorum (conjunctivitis of the newborn)
- Propionibacterium
- found on skin and GI of animals, swiss cheese, lacate and sugars are fermented, produces CO2. P.acne caused body order and acne vulgaris
- Klebsiella
- enteric bacteria, causes, pneumonia, produces capsule that prevent phagocytosis, common in elderly
- S. epidermidis
- coagulase negative, always pathogen, common on skin, can cause endocarditis, surgical infections, UTI
- Listeriosis
- caused by Listeria monoctytogenes, gram+rod, intracellular pathogen, hemolysins, grows at fridge temps, found in soil, veg, animal, occurs in preg women, menginitis, spesis, stillbirth, no GI s/s
- Coxiella
- gammaproteobacteria, very similar to rickettsia
- Heterocysts
- associated with inside of cell. Contain enzymes that fix nitrogen
- Actinomycete life cycle
- development of filamentous cells and spores, form branching network, for sporangiospores
- Thermophilic cyanobacteria can grow at temps up to
- 75 celcius
- Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira
- order Nitrosomonadales, imporant for N fixing,
- Yersinia pestis
- enteric bacteria, causes "black plague", found in asia
- Rickettsia parasitic life style
- enters host via phagocytosis, escapes phagosome, reproduces in cytoplams, host cell bursts
- endospores
- complex structure containing coat, cortex, inner spore membrane around protoplast, dipocolonic acid is present, heat resistant, dormant but viable for long periods
- S. aureus
- oppatunist, coagulase positive, causes plasma to clot, B-hemolysis, major cause of food posioning, found in nasal passages, skin, GI, UG
- Genus Neisseria
- nonmotile, gram -, cocci, often occure in pairs with flattened sides, may have capsules and fimbriae, aerobic chemoorganotrophs, postive oxidase and catalase, inhibits mucos membranes of mammals
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- lobar pneumonia, otitis media
- Lactobacillus
- plant surfaces, dairy, meat, water, sewage, normal flora in mouth, GI, vagina, usually not pathogenic, used to make yogurt
- Streptococci properties
- catalase negative, either a-hemolysis (pneumonia) or b-hemolysis (most of the pathogens)
- Rickettsia
- Alphaproteobacteria, very similar to coxiella
- 2 important organisms for mantianing plant life
- nitrobacter, rhizobium
- Mycobacterium
- straight or slightly curved rods that may branch, aerobic, catalse +, grows slowly, unique cell wall, high GC
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis causes
- causes ehrlichiosis