Micro Overview
Terms
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- Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC)
- most common cause of UTI's - use fimbrae to adhere
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- 2nd most common cause of UTI's - no fimbrae
- Gardnerella vaginalis
- cause BV - treat w/ metronidazole
- Mycoplasma hominis
- cause BV - treat w/ metronidazole
- Chlamidiae
- lots of different kinds, do the EB RB thing - treat w/ Doxycycline and azithromycin (must penetrate host cell)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- causes gonorrhoeae (urethritis, cervicitis, PID) - treat w/ ceftriaxone or ciprofloxacin
- Neisseria meningitidis
- dorm meningitis - Key signs are petechial rash and purpura fulminans - treat w/ penicillin, or cefotaxime or ceftriaxone - treat - give rifampcin to contacts
- Treponema pallidum
- syhpallis - chancers! - treat w/ pennicilin or ---cyclins if res
- legionella pneumophilia
- contaminated water, damage to lungs from inflam - only really in people who smoke or have lung damage - treat w/ erythromycin
- mycoplasma pnemonia
- walking pnemonia (no alveoli) - treat w/ erythromycin
- Mycobacteria tuberculosis
- tuberculosis - treat w/ 6-8 months of multi-drug therapy and DOTS
- Mycobacteria leprae
- leprosy - gets skin and nerves - treat w/ multi-drug therapy (dapsone, rifampcin and clofazimine)
- streptococcus pneumoniae
- does bacterial meningitis an pnemonia - treat w/ MDR and OM treament - a hemo - anti P and pneumolysin do virulence
- streptococcus pyogens
- rheumatic fever, TSS, glomeulonephritis - GAS - regular step in kids - M protein does virulence
- streptococcus agalactiae
- in pregnant women, give them Abs peripartum - may cause low mortality meningitis - diabetes is a problem too - C5a and cytolysin virulence
- streptococcus viridans
-
endocarditis
brain, lung, liver abscesses - Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- leading nosocimial (pnemonia, UTIs, burn infections) - problem w/ CF pts - hard to treat b/c of MDR and biofilms
- staphylococcus aureus
- superficial, invasive, or superantigen - oxacillin res from PBP2a - hard to treat, but right now trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and clindamycin work
- Haemophilus influenzae
- causes meningitis, epiblottitis, and OM - type b is bad! - good conjugate vaccine - didn't tell us treatment
- Bordetella pertussis
- whooping cough - pertussis toxin stimulates cAMP in neutrophils - no good vaccines
- salmonella - typhiod fever
- iingested, get RES - big in bowel and cause ulceration and proliferation - from other countries - treat w/ Abs
- salmonella - gastrentiritis
- from contaminated food -> mild to sever diarrhea - Abs only if severe
- salmonella - septicema
- high fever and bacteremia - increase risk if AIDS - use Abs
- shingella
- mild diarrhea painful, bloody, mucous dysentary - from poor hygine - its toxin cleaves 28S - treat w/ Abs for sever cases only
- Campylobacter jejuni
- main cause of gastrentiritis - mild diarrhea painful, bloody, mucous dysentary - treat w/ erythrmycin
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- acute watery diahhrea - mesenteric lympadenitis (like appendicitis) - mostly in kids under 5
- Listeria monocytogenes
- from contaminated food - pregnant and neonates at greater risk - lysteriolysin O is big
- Francisella tularensis
- requires cytosine - not big in US - ulcer -> LNs - gets RES - fever up to 6 wks
- Cholera
- painless, watery diarrhea - toxin adheres to GI and increases CAMP - Ab maybe useful, but fluid is best
- Helicobactur pylori
- peptic ulcer disease - risk factore for gastic cancer - treat w/ Abs and pepto
- Bacillus anthracis
- - from handeling sheep and goat hair and hides - Edema factor - treat w/ Penicillin G - ciprofloxacin and tetracycline work
- smallpox
- ds DNA virus - pathogenic rash begins at head and upper arms and moves distally - high fever, headache - cant treat
- SARS
- Enveloped RNA coronavirus - fever, dry cough - chest x-rays look like penmonia - spread by jet travel
- Rickettsia rickettsii
- rockey mountain spotted fever - gets vascular endothelial cells - Chills, fever, headache, petechal rash - treat w/ tetracycline
- Ehrlichia chaffeensis
- tick borne - nonspecific fever, malaise, myalgia, headache - infects monocytes
- Anaplasma phagocytophila
- tick borne - nonspecific fever, malaise, myalgia, headache - infects neutrophils
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- causes lyme disease - stage 1 “erythema migrans†rash at bite, fever, chills, muscle ache and fatigue - stage 2 arthritis NS and heart affected - Stage 3, chronic arthritis and CNS disease
- dermatophytes
- Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, and Microsporum - infect hair and skin
- Sporothrix schenckii
- dimorphic fungus associated with thorns and sphagnum moss - begins as painless papules -> ascend along lymphatic channels
- Coccidioides immitis
- valley fever in arid climates - flu-like, high fevers - in old people - treat w/ fluconazole
- Histoplasma capsulatum
- fungal from bird poop - tuberculated macroconidia - flu-like, high fever, cough - only treat immpunosuppressed w/ Itraconazole
- Blastomyces dermatitidis
- fungal from rotting organic matter - blastomycosis - can form pulmonary granulomas
- Candida albicans
- main hospital fungus - microflora of skin - treat w/ topicals for cutaneous - amphotericin B or fluconazole for invasive
- Cryptococcus neoformans
- bird poop yeast - major fungal cause of meningitis - treat w/ amphotericin B and 5-fluorocytosine - fluconazole in AIDS (life long)
- Aspergillis
- molds that produce septate hyphae - 45° dichotomous branching - treat allergic w/ steroids, invasive w/ amphotericin B, itraconazole, voriconazole - caspofungin $$$
- Zygomycetes
- fungus - broad, aseptate hyphae with right angle branching - bad w/ immunosuppressed or diabetic - treat w/ debridement and amphotericin B
- Pneumocystis carinii
- fungal atypical pnemonia - SOB, drug cough, and fever - treat w/ trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole and pentamidine isothionate