HID Exam IIa
Terms
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- antibiotics
- treatment of disease producers (bacteria, fungi, viruses, etc.) by chemical agents (drugs)
- useless
- if person metabolizes drug too quickly, the drug is _______
- cell-mediated immunity (CMI), chemical secretions
- _________ (____)- T Cell responses- kill an infected cell vs. foreign materials on SURFACE of host cells (vs. in fluids); _________ to activate other cells in the immune responses
- pus
- living microbes + dead/living neutrophils + dead/living macs + dead/inured tissues
- antifungals (azoles)
- combine with sterols in fungal cell membranes and destroy membrane->cell leaks and dies
- DTaP
- diphtheria tetanus acellular Pertussis bacterium
- narrow spectrum, broad spectrum
- _______________ drug preferred, so it doesn't kill nonpathogens (normal flora), but it's easier to give a _______ drug
- antigen
- anything the body perceives as foreign (molecules on surfaces of cells), (usu. protein)
- protein synthesis
- antibiotics can kill microbes by interfering w/ ________________- ex., rifamycin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase of bacteria->Red Man's syndrome
- secondary response, short, higher
- _______- any time after 1st time you encounter that Ag, ______ lag phase, Ab/T cell response much _______
- Antibody production
- hummoral rxn by B cells, (2) of (2) involved in immune response
- IgM
- ________- first antibody in Ab response,large pentameter, initial receptor on B cell, and first in embryonic development
- 10-10-10 rule of thumb
- 10 years it's a miracle drug, next 10 years side effects, next 10 yrs law suits
- Gowans Proof
- _____________ of lymphocyte role in immune response: an irradiated animal given lymphocytes from a normal animal will have its immune system restored
- Humoral immunity
- B Cell responses- recognizes foreign material FREE in fluids (blood/lymp) w/ antibody (Ab) prodcution
- selective toxicity
- goal in creating a drug (a chemical that kills microbe and doesn't injure host)
- societal, anticancer
- __________ drugs- affect ppl around the person taking the drug, vs. ____________- drugs, which only affects the person on therapy
- prophylaxis
- to prevent disease
- toxic
- if person metabolizes drug too slowly, drug is ________
- nucleoside analogues
- used to prevent viral replication in cells (ex. antivirals vs. universal nucleotides- toxic to humans)
- tetracycline
- interferes with bacterial protein synthesis by preventing bacterial aminolacyl tRNA from binding with the 30s ribosomal subunit. (bacteriostatic)
- phage therapy
- stalin's forgotten cure- determine bacterium strain causing infection->find/administer phage specific to that bacterial strain to kill the harmful bacterium (use externally, not internally!)
- synergism
- ________ drug combinations- ex. in treatment of endocarditis, penicillin and streptomycin together have an effect that neither could accomplish alone
- MERSA
- resistant staph
- suprainfections
- following treatment for one infection, common to get another type of infection (common w/ broad spectrum antibiotics)
- histamine
- causes dilation of capillaries to allow for diapedesis (side effects: redness...)
- azidiothymidine
- nucleosidic analogue vs. AIDS virus
- Activated cells
- cells that participate in immune rxns
- primary response; long, low
- _______- first time encounter an Ag, ______ lag phase, Ab/T cell response _____
- chemotherapeutic index
- want high _______________: max. tolerated dose per body weight/minimum curative dose per kg body wt
- neutrophils
- first cells in inflammation to emigrate in rxn to injury/infection
- CD8
- T cell receptors that recognize antigen held only by MHC Class I
- apoptosis
- regulated cellular destruction
- IgA
- dimer antibody present in the mucus linings of body...
- phase III
- drug is compared w/ another drug that has already been FDA approved or with a placebo, involves several 1000 patients
- acyclovir
- nucleoside analogue that mimics the structure of guanine, can only be activated by infected cells enzymes, theoretically safe for noninfected cells, used vs. herpes...
- stomach
- oral drugs best absorbed in the ______ rather than intestines
- indifferent
- ________ drug combinations- neither drug affects action of the other
- antagonism
- ________ drug combinations- using one drug bothers another, ex. giving a bacteriocidal agent wipes out effect of bacteriostatic drug
- drug combinations
- used in mixed infections to prevent drug R'
- metabolism
- antibiotics can kill microbes by interfering w/ ________________- ex. competitive inhibition, sulfanilamide binds to an enzyme prevent bacteria from making folic acid, which is necessary for them to multiply
- Phase I
- tests max. tolerated dose and likely side effects, involves <100 patients
- Phase II
- identifies the diseases/stages of a disease that are affected by the experimental therapy; involves several 100 patients
- CD4
- T cell receptors that recognize antigen held only by MHC Class II
- somatic recombination, cutting and splicing
- _______________ aka ________ of Ig genes occurs only in B cells, and allows for the incredible genetic variation in Ab molecules
- IgG
- major/most abundant antibody, small monomer
- Memory cells
- don't participate in immune rxns, rest in tissues/nodes waiting to ambush AG if it reappears
- cell to cell killing
- cell-mediated immunity (CMI) by T cells, (1) of (2) involved in immune response
- diapedesis
- walking through
- inflammation
- ____________ may accompany/be a separate event from innate immunity; may share some of the same cells/mediators as acquired immunity; involves many leukocyte families
- bacteriostatic drug
- stops multiplication of bacteria but doesn't kill them
- develop drug, effective use, R'
- 10-1-2 rule of thumb: 10 years to ________, 1 yr _______, by 2 years->_____
- cross talk
- cells talk w/ each other