Anti-Infectives and Side Effects
Terms
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- Quinolone
- broad-spectrum antibiotics. The parent of the group is nalidixic acid. Now there's subset with fluoro group. Inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
- AmphotericinB
- polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections. Also oral for thrush.
- Oxacillin
- narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus infection.
- Ketoconazole
- antifungal drug used in immunocompromised.Sold also as an anti-dandruff shampoo.Very lipophilic, accumulation in fatty tissues. fluconazole and itraconazole have largely replaced it for internal use. Best absorbed at highly acidic levels, so antacids lower the drug's absorption when taken orally.
- Minocycline
- Vestibular.sensitivity to sunlight.
- Minocycline
- broad spectrum tetracycline antibiotics, used to treat acne and other skin infections as well as lyme disease as the one pill twice daily 100 mg dosage is far easier for patients than the four times a day required with tetracycline or oxytetracycline
- Vancomycin
- Red neck syndrome, hypotension, ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity and phlebitis
- Zidovudine
- or azidothymidine (AZT), antiretroviral drug, the first approved for treatment of HIV. It is also sold under the names Retrovir and Retrovis.
- Acyclovir
- herpes simplex virus infections, as well as in the treatment of herpes zoster (shingles).
- Clindamycin
- side effect is Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (the most frequent cause of pseudomembranous colitis).
- Chloramphenicol
- main use is in eye drops or ointment for bacterial conjunctivitis. Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis, has a very broad spectrum of activity: Gram-positive bacteria (including most strains of MRSA), Gram-negative bacteria and anaerobes. Excellent CSF penetration (far superior to any of the cephalosporins) first choice treatment staphylococcal brain abscesses. Also active against the three main bacterial causes of meningitis: Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae
- Nafcillin
- Neutropenia
- Ganciclovir
- antiviral medication used to treat or prevent cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections
- Zidovudine
- Anemia and neutropenia.
- Foscamet
- Nephrotoxicity, anemia, mineral and electrolyte loss.
- Tetracycline
- Teeth/bone deposition and discoloration, nephritis, azotemia, allergy and photosensitivity, Fanconi like syndrome (proximal tubular function of the kidney is impaired, resulting in decreased reabsorption of electrolytes and nutrients back into the bloodstream).
- Imipenem
- Hypotension
- Quinolone
- Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage), CNS stimulation, Mental disorders, seizure, nausea, vomiting and diarrhea
- Flucytosine
- Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and hepatitis.
- Nafcillin
- narrow spectrum beta-lactam antibiotic of the penicillin class. As a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin, it is used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, particularly species of Staphylococci, that are resistant to other penicillins.
- Vancomycin
- glycopeptide antibiotic, Gram-positive bacteria. Known as a drug of "last resort", but recently displaced by linezolid and daptomycin.
- Tetracycline
- broad spectrum polyketide antibiotic, inhibiting action of the 30S ribosome, by binding aminoacyl-tRNA. Primarily treatment of acne vulgaris and rosacea
- Stavudine
- Peripheral neuropathy.
- Sulfonamide
- Kernicterus (damage to the brain due to bilirrubin), rash, exfoliative dermatitis, Steven-Johnson Syndrome ( life-threatening condition affecting the skin, in which due to cell death the epidermis separates from the dermis) and bone marrow suppression
- Cephalosporins
- 1 Cefamandole 2 Cefotetan 3 Cefoperazone 4 Cefmetazole 5 Moxalactam
- Didanosine
- Pancreatitis and peripheral neuropathy.
- Aminoglycosides
- 1. Gentamicin 2. Tobramycm 3. Amikacin 4. Netilmicin 5. Streptomycm
- Ketoconazole
- Hepatitis and gynecomastia
- Quinolone
- 1. Ciprofloxacin (2) (Ciprobay, Cipro, Ciproxin) 2. Enoxacin (2) (Enroxil) 3. Levofloxacin (3) (Cravit, Levaquin) 4. Ofloxacin (2) (Floxin) 5. Norfloxacin (2) (Lexinor)
- Macrolide group
- Cholestatic jaundice, nausea, vomiting and ototoxicity
- Ampicillin
- Anaphylaxis, rash, serum sickness, anemia, thrombocytopenia, diarrhea, hepatitis and phlebitis
- Aminoglycosides
- binds to 30S ribosomal subunit or 50S subunit, inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth. Infections aerobic, gram-negative such as Pseudomonas, Acinetobacter, and Enterobacter. Also some Mycobacteria, including tuberculosis.
- Oxacillin
- Hepatitis
- Foscamet
- antiviral medication used to treat herpes viruses, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2
- Macrolide group
- large macrocyclic lactone, respiratory tract and soft tissue infections, slightly wider spectrum than that of penicillin therefore a common substitute for patients with a penicillin allergy. Beta-hemolytic streptococci, pneumococci, staphylococci and enterococci. inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA
- Didanosine
- reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and used in combination with other antiretroviral drug in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
- Cephalosporins
- Bleeding and disulfiram reaction with alcohol
- Flucytosine
- antimycotic drug, related to the cytostatic fluorouracil and to floxuridine. Oral for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible strains of Candida or Cryptococcus neoformans. Not be used as a sole agent in life-threatening fungal but with amphotericin B and/or azole antifungals such as fluconazole or itraconazole.
- Ampicillin
- beta-lactam antibiotic, Gram-positive and some Gram-negative, differs from penicillin by amino group that helps penetrate the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. It acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase to make their cell walls. To treat urinary tract infections, otitis media, uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae, salmonellosis and Listeria meningitis
- Clindamycin
- lincosamide antibiotic. Treat infections with anaerobic bacteria including infections of the respiratory tract, septicemia and peritonitis.but also be some protozoal such as malaria. Plus benzoyl peroxide is effective in the treatment of acne.
- Penicillin+ Imipenem
- Siezure
- Aminoglycosides
- Nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neuromuscular paralysis
- Macrolide group
- 1. Erythromycin 2. Azithromycin 3. Clarithromycin
- Acyclovir
- Renal failure and phlebitis (inflammation of a vein, usually in the legs, also known as thrombophlebitis)
- Ganciclovir
- Neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and hepatitis.
- AmphotericinB
- Nephrotoxicity, hypokalemia, hypomagnesemia and anemia.
- Zalcitabine
- Peripheral neuropathy.
- Cephalosporins
- βlactam antibiotics, bactericidal, same mode of action as other beta-lactam antibiotics disrupting synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. First-generation active against Gram-positive , and successive generations have increased activity against Gram-negative.
- Sulfonamide
- competitive inhibitors in folate synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids. Exhibit a bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect. Treat pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, urinary tract infections, shigellosis, and certain protozoan infections
- Chloramphenicol
- Aplastic anemia, gray baby syndrome.
- Stavudine
- nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) active against HIV.
- Imipenem
- Belongs to the subgroup of carbapenems, aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria. Important against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Enterococcus species. It is not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Restricted in order to avoid widespread bacterial resistance. Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
- Zalcitabine
- nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) sold under the trade name Hivid. Inconvenient three-times daily frequency and is associated with serious adverse events. For these reasons rarely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),