Microbiology - bacteria
Terms
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- virulence factor of staph aureus - binds Fc-IgG, inhibiting complement fixation and phagocytosis
- protein A
- superantigen that binds to MHC II and TCR, resulting in polyclonal T cell activation
- TSST - (staph aureus)
- what makes coagulase?
- staph aureus
- antibody to what enhances host defenses against strep pyogenes?
- M protein
- group A beta-hemolytic strep?
- strep pyogenes
- what detects recent strep pyogenes infections?
- ASO titer
- associated with rusty sputum, sepsis in sickle cell, and splenectomy?
- strep pneumo
- most common cause of meningitis, otitis, pneumonia, sinusitis?
- strep pneumo
- what gives immunity to strep pneumo?
- IgG antibodies to surface acidic polysaccharide
- causes pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis mainly in babies
- group B strep (agalactiae) - beta hemolytic, bacitracin resistant
- what is Lancefield grouping based on?
- differences in the C carbohydrate on the bacterial cell wall
- what can grow in 6.5% NaCl
- enterococci
- enterococci can cause what?
- UTI, subacute endocarditis, biliary tract infections
- bacteria related to colon cancer?
- strep bovis
- type of strep viridans that can cause subacute bacterial endocarditis?
- strep sanguis
- what does C. perfringens produce?
- alpha toxin
- gram-positive rods with metachromatic granules?
- corynebacterium diphtheriae
- woolsorter's disease?
- bacillus anthracis
- inhalation of anthrax spores?
- flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, pulmonary hemorrhage, and shock
- gram-positive anaerobe that causes oral/facial abscesses that may drain through sinus tracks in skin
- actinomyces
- gram positive, weakly-acid fast aerobe that causes pulmonary infection in immunocomprimised patients
- nocardia asteroides
- sulfur granules
- actinomyces
- gram-positive rods forming long branching filaments resembling fungi
- actinomyces & nocardia
- most invasive disease of H. flu is caused by what capsular type?
- B
- treatment for H. flu meningitis?
- ceftriaxone
- treatment for neisseria gonorrhea?
- ceftriaxone - also z pack or doxycycline because 50% will also be infected with chlamydia
- why don't you want to culture if pt. has epiglottitis?
- manipulation cause laryngeal spasm
- members of enterobacter family (7)
- e. coli, salmonella, shigella, klebsiella, enterobacter, serratia, proteus
- what antigen is related to the virulence of enterobacter?
- K antigen
- all of these ferment glucose and are oxidase negative
- enterobacter
- these bacteria grow pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
- klebsiella, e. coli, enterobacter (KEE), citrobacter
- salmonella or shigella: motile and can disseminate hematogenously?
- salmonella
- salmonella or shigella: which is more virulent?
- shigella
- salmonella or shigella: symptoms may be prolonged with antibiotic treatments
- salmonella
- salmonella or shigella: animal reservoir
- salmonella
- this is usually transmitted from pet feces, contaminated milk, or pork; outbreaks common in daycare centers
- yersinia enterocolitica
- this can mimic Crohn's or appendicitis & can disseminate to produce lymphadenitis
- yersinia enterocolitica
- arthritis can develop with yersinia infection in patients with what?
- HLA-B27
- vibrio parahaemolyticus and v. vulnificus
- contaminated seafood
- reheated rice
- B. cereus
- meats, mayonase, custard
- s. aureus
- reheated meat dishes
- c. perfringens
- undercooked meat
- e. coli 0157:H7
- poultry, meat, eggs
- salmonella
- bloody diarrhea; comma or S-shaped organisms
- campylobacter
- is campylobacter motile?
- yes
- e. coli producing shiga-like toxin; can cause HUS
- enterohemorrhagic
- day-care outbreaks, pseudoappendicitis
- yersinia
- protazoan causing bloody diarrhea
- entamoeba histolytica
- protaozoa causing watery diarrhea
- giardia, cryptosporidium (in immunocompromised)
- treatment for legionella?
- erythromycin
- UTI - urine with alkaline pH
- proteus - very motile - able to break down urea
- pneumonia in CF
- pseudomonas
- wound and burn infections
- pseudomonas
- treatment for pseudomonas?
- amnoglycoside plus extended-spectrum penicillin (piperacillin, ticarcillin)
- aerobic gram-negative rod; oxidase positive, non-lactose fermenting; pyocyanin pigment
- pseudomonas
- hot tub folliculitis
- pseudomonas
- pneumonia, sepsis, UTI, drug use and diabetic osteomyelitis
- pseudomonas
- cellulitis from animal bite, cats, dogs
- pasteurella
- dairy products, contact with animals
- brucella
- ghon complex
- TB granulomas (Ghon focus) with lobar and perihilar LN involvement; reflects primary infection or exposure
- mycobacterium scrofulaceum
- cervical lymphadenitis in kids
- mycobacterium kansasii
- pulmonary TB-like symptoms
- acid-fast bacillus that likes cold temperatures and cannot be grown in vitro
- mycobacterium leprae
- reservoir for m. leprae in U.S.?
- armadillos
- what does m. leprae infect?
- skin and superficial nerves
- treatment for leprosy?
- long-term oral dapsone - toxicity is hemolysis and methemoglobinemia
- which type of Hanson's diseaseiis worse?
- lepromatous worse than tuberculoid
- the chlamydial petidoglycan wall is unusual in that it lacks what?
- muramic acid
- treatment for chlamydia?
- erythromycin or tetracycline
- cytoplasmic inclusions seen on Giemsa or fluorescent antibody-stained smear
- chlamydia
- infection of liver capsule with RUQ pain; associated with chlamydial or gonococcal infection
- Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
- how do the reticulate bodies of chlamydia replicate?
- binary fission
- types A, B, and C of chlamydia
- Africa/Blindness/Chronic infection
- types D-K of chlamydia
- urethritis/PID, ectopic pregnancy, neonatal pneumonia or conjunctivitis
- types L1, L2, and L3 of chlamydia
- lymphogranuloma venereum (acute lymphadenitis - positive Frei test)
- treatment for neonate after passage through chlamydia-infected birth canal?
- erythromycin eye drops
- most common STD in U.S.?
- chlamydia
- only spirochete that can be visualized using analine dyes (Wright's or Giemsa stan) in light microscopy
- borrelia
- shepherd's crook-shaped spirochete
- leptospira
- Wal's disease
- fatal from of leptospira infection - jaundice, bleeding, renal failure, skeletal muscle necrosis
- treatment for Borrelia recurrentis?
- doxycycline, erythromycin
- treatment for Lyme disease?
- doxycycline
- what causes yaws?
- tremonema pertenue - tropical infection that is not an STD, although VDRL test is positive
- what are important reservoirs for ixodes? what is required for tick life cycle?
- mice; deer
- signs of tertiary syphilis?
- broad-based ataxia; positive Romberg; Charcot joints; stroke without hypertension
- congenital syphilis?
- saber shins, saddle nose, deafness
- primary syphilis?
- painless chancre
- secondary syphilis?
- disseminated isease with constitutional symptoms, maculopapular rash (palms and soles), condylomata lata
- VDRL positive, FTA positive?
- active infection
- VDRL positive, FTA negative?
- probably false positive
- VDRL negative, FTA positive?
- successfully treated
- VDRL false positives?
-
Viruses (mono, hepatitis)
Drugs
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic arthritis
Lupus and leprosy - Weil-Felix reaction?
- classic test that uses cross-linking proteus antigens to confirm diagnosis of rickettsia
- strep associated with pharyngitis, cellulitis, impetigo, scarlet fever, TSS, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis?
- strep pyogenes (group A beta hemolytic)
- characteristics of rheumatic fever?
- subcutaneous nodules, erythema marginatum, chorea, carditis
- tumbling motility, menigitis in newborns, unpasteurized milk
- listeria monocytogenes
- virulence factor of staph aureus?
- protein A
- what does c. difficile produce?
- a cytotoxin, an exotoxin that kills enterocytes, causing pseudomembranous colitis
- what encodes the exotoxin of corynebacterium diphtheriae?
- beta-prophage
- vesicular papules covered y black eschar
- bacillus anthracis
- what part of gram-negative bugs inhibits entry of penicillin and vancomycin?
- the outer membrane layer
- this vaccine contains type B capsular polysaccharide conjugated to diphtheria toxoid or other protein
- h. flu
- flagellar antigen of enterobacter?
- H antigen
- somatic antigen of enterobacter?
- O antigen (polysaccharide of endotoxin)
- viruses causing watery diarrhea?
- rotavirus, adenovirus, norwalk virus
- pertussis toxin permanently disables what?
- Gi
- cholera toxin permanently activates what?
- Gs
- how does pertussis toxin promote lymphocytosis?
- by inhibiting chemokine receptors
- treatment of choice for most rickettsial infections?
- tetracycline
- classic triad of rickettsiae?
- headache, fever, rash (vasculitis)
- rickettsiae are obligate intracellular parasites and need what?
- CoA and NAD
- all rickettsiae except what are transmitted by an arthropod vector and cause headache, fever, and rash?
- coxiella
- why is coxiella an atypical rickettsia?
- because it is transmitted by aerosol and causes pneumonia
- what causes rocky mountain spotted fever? to where is it endemic?
- rickettsia rickettsii; endemic to east coast
- vector for rocky mountain spotted fever?
- tick; rickettsia rickettsii
- vector for endemic typhus?
- fleas; rickettsia typhi
- vector for epidemic typhus?
- human body louse; rickettsia prowazekii
- what causes Q fever?
- coxiella burnetii
- rickettsial disease with no rash, no vector, negative Wiel-Felix, and casative organism can survive outside for a long time
- coxiella burnetii
- what does the Weil-Felix reaction assay for?
- antirickettsial antibodies, which cross-react with proteus antigen
- what is the only bacterial membrane containing cholesterol?
- mycoplasma pneumoniae
- growth on Eaton's agar?
- mycoplasma pneumoniae