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Mechanism of action

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Quinolone
broad-spectrum antibiotics. The parent of the group is nalidixic acid. Now there's subset with fluoro group. Inhibit the bacterial DNA gyrase or the topoisomerase IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting DNA replication and transcription.
Prazosin
MINIPRESS.a1 selective blocker; treats hypertension, and urinary retention in BPH (benign prostatic hyperplasia.); can cause 1st dose syncope (fainting) &tachicardia.
Digoxin
Antiarrhythmic; Directly inhibits Na+, K+ ATPase; used in heart failure patients with reentrant tachycardia
Cefoperazone
Third generation cephalosporin antibiotic. Bactericidal effect by inhibiting the bacterial cell wall synthesis.
Methrotrexate, Trimethoprim, Pyrimethamine.
act over folate production,synthesis in the cell.
tamsulosin
selective alpha 1 blocker used in the symptomatic treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
Chloramphenicol
Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit., gray baby syndrome, aplastic anemia
Doxazosin
a1 selective blocker; treats hypertension, and urinary retention in BPH; can cause 1st dose orthostatic hypotension, dizziness, and headache
Glibenclamide/glyburide
Inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells. Causes cell membrane depolarization, opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels, thus triggering an increase in intracellular calcium into the beta cell which stimulates insulin release.Hypoglycemia.
Acarbose
For treatment of type II diabetes; Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that slows breakdown of carbohydrates in the intestine
Class III agents
Antiarrhitmic.affect potassium (K+) efflux.
mercaptopurine
immunosuppressive agent. a drug (trade name Purinethol) that interferes with the metabolism of purine and is used to treat acute lymphocytic leukemia
Glipizide
oral medium to long acting anti-diabetic drug from the sulfonylurea class. 2gen sulfonylurea, that is undergoes enterohepatic circulation. The structure on the R2 group is a much larger cyclo or aromatic group compared to the 1st generation sulfonylureas. This leads to a once a day dosing that is much less than the first generation, about 100 fold. Glucotrol
miglitol
alpha-glucosidase inhibitor. oral anti-diabetic drug that acts by inhibiting the ability of the patient to breakdown complex carbohydrates into glucose
Clomiphene
selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM), used mainly in female infertility due to anovulation (e.g. due to polycystic ovary syndrome).
HMG COA
enzyme responsible for conversion of 3-hydroxy 3 methylglutaryl coenzime A to mevalonate, the precursos for sterols including cholesterol.
Ketorolac
Toradol, analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory. acts by inhibiting bodily synthesis of prostaglandins by competitive blocking of the the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX).
amphotericin B
disrupts fungal membranes by binding ergosterol
Biguanides
firstline for type 2 diabetes mainly overweight and obese people. Most popular anti-diabetic drug in US. It appears to act mainly by reducing hepatic gluconeogenesis, but it also decreases absorption of glucose from the gastrointestinal tract and increases insulin sensitivity by increasing peripheral utilization of glucose. Most serious potential side effect is lactic acidosis.
Cyclophosphamide
Antineoplastic, Prodrug activated by P450, suppresses B and T cells.Used for autoimmune diseases (hemolytic anemia, systemic lupus, r. arthritis, wegeners granulomatosis) and organ transplant
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
(eg Amiloride) competitive antagonists that compete with aldosterone for intracellular cytoplasmic receptor sites. Prevents sodium readsorption but potassium and hydrogen ion secretion. Used in conjunction with Thiazide and Loop diuretic.
Clopidrogel
Irreversible blockade of the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor on platelet cell membranes important in the cross-linking of platelets by fibrin. Severe neutropenia, Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura,Hemorrhage.
lindane
neurotoxin that interferes with GABA neurotransmitter function.Scabicide and pediculicide agent.Second line treatment.
Actinomycin/Mitomycin/Rifampicin
Inhibition of DNA dependant RNA polymerase enzyme.
Thiazolidinediones
Act by binding to PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors) in the body, Insulin resistance is decreased. Fluid retention, weight gain, and potentially aggravating heart failure. Check enzymes for hepatotoxicity.
Carbamazepine
Partial and 1st line for tonic-clonic. Increase Na channel inactivation. 1st line for trigeminal neuralgia.
Chloramphenicol
Mechanism of Action: Block Protein synthesis at 50s ribosomal subunit., gray baby syndrome, aplastic anemia
terazosin
(Hytrin). An alpha-1 blocker that relaxes smooth muscles of arteries, prostate, and bladder neck. Lowers b/p & allows those w/enlarge prostates to pee.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors
phenelzine. (MAOIs) block the break down of monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin and norepinephrine) by inhibiting the enzymes which oxidize them.
Naloxone
Nal...,synthetic opioid; mu, kappa, and delta antagonist; reverses opioid overdose
tetracycline
Broad-spectrum antibiotic that blocks protein synthesis to the ribosomes (30S subunit of cell ribosomes) of both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms
Trimethoprim
Name the antimicrobial agent, alter folate metabolism by inhibiting diphydrofolate reductase and diphydropterase synthetase. A drug that acts along with sulfonamides to fight UTIs
Cimetidine
H2-receptor antagonists,Tagamet, used to treat peptic ulcers by decreasing the secretion of stomach acid, p450 inhibitor, gynecomastia and galactorrhea
Disulfiram
Disulfiram Rx producing drug. Antabuse. Produces an acute sensitivity to alcohol. Blocks reaction at the intermediate stage by blocking the enzyme acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (alcohol to acetaldehyde to acetic acid).Acetadehyde increases. Hangover symptoms, headache, nausea, sensitivity to light, shortness of breath, vomiting.
Griseofulvin
What oral antifungal agent is used to treat dermatophyte infections by disrupting microtubule structure and depositing keratin?
losartan
It is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist;
ritonavir
a protease inhibitor (trade name Norvir) used in treating HIV
Loop diuretics
Act on the Na+-K+-2Cl- symporter (cotransporter) in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle to inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption.Causes hypokalemia
Zalcitabine
nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) sold under the trade name Hivid.
Norfloxacin
broad spectrum antibacterial.inhibition of bacterial DNA gyrase, an enzyme which is essential for DNA replication.
Imipenem
Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
pyrimethamine
protozoal infections. It is commonly used as an antimalarial drug .interferes with folic acid synthesis by inhibiting the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Folic acid is needed for DNA and RNA synthesis in many species, including protozoa.
Serotonin 5HT3
Dolasetron (Anzemet), Granisetron . Kytril, Ondansetron Zofran
Valproic Acid
Partial, 1st line for tonic-clonic, and absence. Increase Na channel inactivation and GABA concentration. Alos used for myoclonic seizures.
Finasteride
Anti-Androgen; blocks type II 5α-reductase, which is abundant in the prostatic cells and in hair follicles; prevents conversion of testosterone to DHT (dihydrotachysterone-prostate high sensitivity to this); used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia and male patterned baldness
doxorubicin
antitumor antibiotic - inserts between DNA bases and induces DNA strand breaks
sibutramine
used for obesity. A symphatomimetic serotonin and NE reuptake inhibitor.Meridia. Related to amphetamines.
Thiazide diuretic
inhibit reabsorption by Na+/Cl- symporter in the distal convoluted tubules in the kidneys. chlortalidone and metolazone in the same group just b/c same action.Main use hypertension SE hypokalemia. Should be combined with KCl supps and potassium sparing diuretics (eg with amiloride in co-amilozide) and with the newer ACE inhibitors, that cause hyperkalemia .
Montelukast
Singulair.(leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTRA), asthma)
methyldopa
centrally-acting adrenergic antihypertensive medication. Central alpha-2 receptor agonist then alpha-2 receptor-negative feedback to sympathetic nervous system (SNS) (centrally and peripherally) inhibition noradrenaline, aldomet
pyrethrin
contact poison that disturbs parasites' nervous system.Scabicide and pediculicide agent
Sulfonamide
Dihydropteroate synthetase.competitive inhibitors in folate synthesis especifically PABA. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize nucleic acids. Exhibit a bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal effect.
Zalcitabine
nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NARTI) sold under the trade name Hivid. Inconvenient three-times daily frequency and is associated with serious adverse events. For these reasons rarely used to treat human immunodeficiency virus (HIV),
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
inhibit H+ secretion, resultant promotion of Na+ and K+ excretion
Antipsychotic
Tend to block D2 receptors in the dopamine pathways of the brain. Causes NMS, tardive dyskinesia, dystonia and drug induced parkinsonism
Class I agents
Antiarrhitmic.Membrane Stabilizing agents, interfere with the sodium (Na+) channel.
Trycyclic antidepressant
amitriptyline,doxepin, imipramine ,nortriptyline.inhibiting the re-uptake of the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin by neurons
Omeprazole
Prilosec. Suppresses acid secretion in the stomach,Proton pump inhibitors.
Class IV agents
Antiarrhitmic. affect calcium channels and the AV node.
Glibenclamide
Micronase or Diabeta. photosensitivity rx
Alpha glucosidase inhibitors
Work by preventing the digestion of carbohydrates (such as starch and table sugar). GI side effects such as flatulence and diarrhea due to increase of sugar in intestine.
Valproic Acid
Partial, 1st line for tonic-clonic, and absence. Increase Na channel inactivation and GABA concentration. Alos used for myoclonic seizures.
Norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitors
NDRI bupropion (Wellbutrin) inhibit the neuronal reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition
results in decreased formation of Angiotensin II (a far more potent vasoconstrictor than Angiotensin I) and decreased inactivation of bradykinin (potent vasodilator).
Donepezil
centrally acting reversible acetylcholinesterase inhibitor. Alzheimer's disease,dementia.
Cephalosporins
Mechanism of Action: Blocks cell wall synthesis by inhibition of peptidoglycan cross-linking
Macrolide group
wider than penicillin.inhibition of bacterial protein biosynthesis by binding reversibly to the subunit 50S of the bacterial ribosome, thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl tRNA.more bacteriostatic.
Class II agents
Antiarrhitmic. anti sympathetic nervous system agents. Most agents in this class are beta blockers.
Noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressants
mirtazapine (Avanza, Zispin, Remeron).
Rifabutin
bactericidal antibiotic used in tuberculosis and lepra. Its effect is based on blocking the DNA-dependent RNA-polymerase of the bacteria.
Methotrexate
Inhibits dihydrofolate reducatase (DHFR), Rheumatrex, antimetabolite and antifolate drug used in treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Sodium nitroprusside
Direct vasodilator drugs; acts by release of NO, liberates NO primarily through a spontaneous nonenzymatic process; dilates both arteries and veins; possible cyanide toxicity; use IV for potent hemodynamic control in hypertensive emergencies and severe cardiac failure
tamsulosin
Flomax
bromocriptine
Dopaminergic; direct dopamine agonist,treatment parkinson, AE lung toxicity.
probenecid
drug that reduces the level of uric acid in the blood, For chronic gout; blocks tubular secretion of penicillin; blocks tubular reabsorption of uric acid; occasionally used to increase serum levels of antibiotics, inhibits secretion of weak acids
Paclitaxel
mitotic inhibitor used in cancer chemotherapy, works by interfering with normal microtubule breakdown during cell division.lung, ovarian, breast cancer, head and neck cancer, and advanced forms of Kaposi's sarcoma.
Warfarin
an anticoagulant use to prevent and treat a thrombus or embolus., interferes with vitamin K dependent clotting factors. SE bleeding, skin necrosis
Ampicillin
beta-lactam antibiotic, Gram-positive and some Gram-negative, differs from penicillin by amino group that helps penetrate the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria. Ampicillin acts as a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme transpeptidase to make their cell walls.
Imipenem
Belongs to the subgroup of carbapenems, aerobic and anaerobic Gram positive as well as Gram negative bacteria. Important against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Enterococcus species. It is not active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Restricted in order to avoid widespread bacterial resistance. Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
Meglitinides
Bind to an ATP dependent K+ (KATP) channel on the cell membrane of pancreatic beta cells in a similar manner to sulfonylureas but at a separate binding site. hypoglycemia
Aminoglycoside
binds to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit,misreading of mRNA, unable to synthesize vital proteins. Serious infections septicemia, complicated intraabdominal infections, complicated urinary tract infections, and nosocomial respiratory tract infections.
nystatin
disrupts fungal membrane permeability by binding to ergosterol
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors
Block DPP-4. Increased Incretin levels which inhibit glucagon release and increase insulin secretion and decrease gastric emptying.
Didanosine
reverse transcriptase inhibitor, effective against HIV and used in combination with other antiretroviral drug in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART).
Sulfonylureas
All have a central phenyl ring with two branching chains. Inhibits ATP-sensitive potassium channels in pancreatic beta cells the promotes insulin release.
nelfinavir
a protease inhibitor (trade name Viracept) used in treating HIV usually in combination with other drugs
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
Diamox/ acetazolamide (no ASA with med)
Pramipexole
Parkinson's treatments, Dopamine agonists (can cause nausea, hypotension, dyskinesia, hallucinations, delusions)
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
(SSRIs) more specifically prevent the reuptake of serotonin (thereby increasing the level of active serotonin in synapses of the brain)
Methimazole
antithyroid drug similar in action to propylthiouracil.inhibit many steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones.Agranulocytosis, an uncommon but severe side effect resulting from a drop in the white blood cell count (specifically, neutropenia, a deficiency of neutrophils).

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