psch 2
Terms
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- Neuron
- inpulses through the nervous system
- cell body
- contains the nucleus and carries outthe metabolic functions of trhe neuron
- thought, feelings, and behavior can be traced through
- neurons
- branching out
- dendrites
- sprouts into many braches
- axon
- specialized cells in the brain and spinal cord
- glial cells
- the junction where the axon terminal of a sending neurons communcicates with a receiving neuron across the synaptic cleft
- synapse
- penetrated or passed through
- permeability
- the slight negative electrical potential of the axon membrane of a neuron at rest, about - 70 millivolts.
- resting potential
- sudden reversall of the resting potential
- action potential
- white, fatty coatin wrapped around some axons that acts as insulation and enables impulses to travel much faster
- myelin sheath
- chemical substance that is released into the synaptic cleft from the axon terminal of a sending neuron, crosses a synapes, and binds to appropriate recepto sites on the dendrites or cell body of a receiving neuron, influecing the cell either to fire or n
- neurotransmitter
- protein molecules on the surfaces of dendrites and cell bodies that have distinctive shapes and will interact only with specific neurotransmitters.
- receptors
- neurontransmitters are taken from the synaptic cleft back into the axon terminal for later use.
- reuptake
- meurotransmitter that plays a role in learning new information, causes the skeletal mm fibers to contract, and keeps the heart from beating too rapidly
- acetylcholine
- NTM that plays a role in learning, attention, moveent, and reinforcement
- dopamine
- NTM taffecting eating, alertness, and sleep
- norepinephrine
- NTM that affects the metabolism of glucose an dnutrient energy stored inmm to be released during strenuous exercise.
- epinephrine
- ntm that plays an improtant role in regulating mood, sleep, impulsivity, aggression, and appetite.
- serotonin
- primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
- glutamate
- primary inhibitory neurotransmitter tin the brain
- GABA
- by the brain that reduce pain and the stress of vigorous exercise and postively affect mood
- endorphins
- structure that begins at hte point where the spinal cord enlarges as it enters the brain and handles function critical to physical survival
- brainstem
- controls heartbeat, blood pressure, breathing, coughing, and swallowing.
- medulla
- arousal and attention that screens sensory messages entering the brain
- reticular formation
- excute smooth, skilled movements and regulates mm tone and posture.
- cerebellum
- midbrain that control unconscious motor movements
- substrantia nigra
- relay station for information flowing into or out of the forebrain
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
- small but influential brain structure that reglates hunger, thirst, sex, internal body temp,
- emotional expression, memory, and motivation
- limbic system
- important role in emotion particulary in respones to unpleasant or punishing stimuli
- amygdala
- storing of new memories
- hippocampus
- the largest structure o f the human brain
- cerebrum
- the right and left halves of the cerbrum,
- cerbral hemisheres
- thick band of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebal hemishpers and makes possible the transfer of information and synchronization of activity bw the hemishpere
- corpus callosum
- gray covering of cerbral hemisheres that is responsible for the higher mental processes of language, memory,a nd thinking
- cerebral cortex
- house memories and involved in thought
- association areas
- the motor cortex, Broca's area, and the frontal association area
- frontal lobes
- controls voluntary body movements and participates in learning and cognitive events
- motor cortex
- adapt to changes
- plasticity
- that controls the production of speech sounds
- broca area
- ability to produce speech sounds or in exterme cases an inability to speak at all caused by damage to Broca area
- broca's aphasia
- loss or impairment of th ability to use or understand language, resulting from damage to thebrain
- aphasia
- where toch pressure, temp, and pain register and other areas that are responsible for body awareness and spatial orientations
- parietal lobes
- the strip of tissure at the front of the parietal lobes where touch, pressure, temperature, and pain register in the cerbral cortes.
- somatosensory cortex
- brain wave activity made by a machine
- EEG
- brain wave pattern associated with mental or physical activity
- beta wave
- BW associated with deep relaxation
- alpha wave
- bw associated with deep sleep
- delta wave
- small wire used tomonitor the electrical activity of or stimulate activity within a singel neuron
- microelectrode
- CT scan
- brain scaning techinque that uses a rotating computerized x-ray tube to produce crosssectional impages of the structures or the brain
- MRI
- brain-imaging ttechinique that reveal both brain structure and brain activity more precisely and rapidly than PET
- PET
- reveals activity in vrious parts of the brain, based on patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption
- PNS
- nerves connecting the central nervous system to the rest of the body
- sympathetic nervous system
- division fo the autonomic nerovous system tha mobilizes the body's resources during stress and emergences, preparing the body of action.
- brings the heightened bodily responses back to normal following emergency
- parasympathetic nervous system
- system of ductless glands in various parts of the body that manufacture hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream, thus affecting cell in other parts of the body
- endocrine system
- chemich substance that is manufactured and released in one part of the body and affects orther parts of the body
- hormone
- endocrine gland located in the brain that releases hormones that activate other endocrine glands as well as growht hormone; often called the master gland
- pituitary gland
- pair of endocrine glands that release hormones that prepart the body for emergencies and stessful situation and also release coricoids and small amounts of hte sex hormones.
- adrenal gland
- How are messages transmittedthrought he nervous system?
- action potential
- What do neurotransmitters contribute to nervous system
- they cross the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron, influencing the cell to fire or not to fire. They transmit messages betwwen neurons.