MSC- Technology, Energy
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- To get salt
- Often simple methods, e.g. solar evaporation
- Freshwater obtaining methods
-
Evaporation/distillation
electrodialysis, reverse osmosis, ion-exchange resins - Sand and gravel
- Roads, beaches, landfills, cement, concrete
- ancient deposits of bones of marine animals. fertilizer production. big deposits in florida.
- Phosphate (Phosphorite)
- To make Phosphate Fertilizer, Phosphate ore is treated with
- sulfuric acid
- Phosphate makes the fertilizer ______ and the waste product______
- Phosporic acid, calcium sulfate (phosphogypsum)
- Leachate of phosphogypsum contains ______ and is __________ so cannot be returned to mines
- uranium, radioactive
- Sulfur is made into
- sulfuric acid, the #1 industrial chemical
- sulfur is extracted with
- superheated steam (frasch process)
- Sulfur found in
- deposits in Louisiana and Texas, reserves in Gulf of Mexico and Mediterranean
- Coal is formed from
- land plant remains
- It begins as ______ and then under higher temperature/pressure you get what three harder coals?
-
Peat
lignite, bituminous, anthracite - why are the beds of coal under the sea
- because sea-level rose
- How is coal mined?
- Through shafts, from land into offshore seams
- manganese nodules contain what metals?
- mainly manganese and iron, traces of cobalt, nickel, and copper.
- Where are metallic sulfides found in the ocean?
- hydrothermal vents
- What metals make up metallic sulfides?
- zinc, copper, chromium, molybdenum, silver, gold.
- 95% of the mineral wealth obtained from the sea is from..
- Oil and natural gas!
- continental shelves produce how much of the world's supply of oil/NG?
- 25%
- What is oil/NG formed from?
- the organic remains of phytoplankton that grew 85-180 mYA
- What kind of processes formed the oil/NG?
- biochemical and geochemical
- Where is oil found and where is natural gas found?
- Oil is shallower and gas is deeper (bc formed at higher temp)
- methane ices are...
- methane trapped below 800m by pressure and low temperature
- Methane is of growing importance because
- it could be a good replacement of natural gas, much more available. Japan and India wanna tap dat shit
- What kind of gas is methane and what may have its eruptions done in the past?
- Greenhouse gas, affected past climates
- Where are polysaccharides, used for marine biotechnology, found?
- The cell wall of seaweed
- What is agar (seaweed) used in?
- research and clinical labs
- what is carrageenan (seaweed) used as?
- texturiser in ice cream, could be a replacement for fat
- What does Alginate (seaweed) do?
- Binds Ca and Sr (removes radioactive strontium from bones)
- Chitin (polysaccharides also) used for
-
dialysis membranes
capsules for slow-release fertilizer/ pesticides
encapsulation of bacteria - What are thermozymes, how are they stored, what are they used for
-
enzymes from thermophilic and hyperthermophilic microbes
stored at room temperature
used in detergent and cleaning industry - What do Prostaglandins (from Gorgonian coral) do?
- Stimulate labor and lowers blood pressure in humans
- What transgenic fish have been developed and how were they altered?
-
Salmon, goldfish, and Tilapia- growth hormone gene, 4x size increase
Salmon- Antifreeze proteins from polar fish made them tolerant of cold - What marine luminescence genes from jellyfish (Aqueoria) are used/ what for?
- Green Flourescent Protein, used to follow survival of organisms in soil
- what marine luminescence genes from a marine bacterium (Vibrio) are used/ what for?
- Lux genes, used to monitor levels of pollutants in soil
- What tidal range is needed for Tidal Energy
- At least 7m
- There are enough Tidal energy sites to supply how much of the world's electricity?
- 10%
- What are some sites of Tidal energy
-
Cook INlet, Alaska
Passamaquody Bay, Maine
Brittany, France - What are some problems with Tidal Energy?
-
Dam systems, block estuary (migration and navigation problems)
Turbines kill fish - Turbines (tidal energy) work better if they run on...?
- Both ebb and flood tides, double action system
- How do the tidal flow generators work?
- They are submerged lke wind generators, work in all directions. Water enters on flood tide through turbines, exits on ebb tide.
- Why are artificial hollow island for tidal energy good, and where are some found?
-
No interference with navigation and fish movements
Irish Sea off Rhyl, N. Wales
Swansea, S. Wales - Wave energy: how does it work?
-
Offshore or shore-bound structures.
Water rushes in to a column, compresses air above the water to drive turbines. Water leaving pulling pulls air through turbines in opposite direction - How does Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion work?
- Taps potential energy in the temp. difference between surface and deep waters
- How does the closed system of OTEC work?
- freon or NH3 alternately evaporated and condensed by warm and cold SW
- how does the open system of OTEC work?
- warm SW converted to vapor in a low-pressure, vacuum chamber.
- Where is a Pilot Plant of OTEC?
- Keohole Point, Hawaii