Ch 22 IDs 1-10
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- James Watt
- young Scot drawn to a critical study of the steam engine-employed by the University of Glasgow as a skilled craftsman making scientific instruments-called on to repair a Newcomen engine being used in a physics course-saw that waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser-increased efficiency of steam engine
- Thomas Malthus
- Essay on the Principle of Population-argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply-the only hope of warding off such positive checks to population growth as war, famine, and disease was prudential restraint-limit population growth by marrying later in life
- Henry Cort
- developed the puddling furnace, which allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke-puddlers cooked molten pig iron in a great vat, raking off globs of refined iron for further processing-developed heavy-duty steam-powered rolling mills, capable of spewing out finished iron in every shape and form
- Richard Arkwright
- barber-turned-manufacturer-invented another kind of spinning machine, the water frame: acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles and demanded waterpower-mills-spin coarse, strong thread, put out for respinning on hand-powered cottage jennies
- David Ricardo
- "Iron Law of Wages"-wealthy English stockbroker and leading economist-coldly spelled out the pessimistic implications of Malthus's thought-his iron law of wages stated that because of the pressure of pop. growth, wages would always sin to subsistence level
- Thomas Newcomen
- invented the first primitive steam engines with Thomas Savery in 1698-the machines were extremely inefficient, both burned coal to produce steam, to operate a pump-by 1770s operating successfully
- James Hargreaves
- gifted carpenter and jack-of-all-trades-invented the cotton-spinning jenny after many experiments over a generation in 1765-spinning jenny was simple and inexpensive-6-24 spindles on a sliding carriage, each spindle spun a fine, slender thread-moved carriage back and forth and turned wheel to supply power
- Industrial Revolution
- began in Great Britain-term first coined by awed contemporaries in 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes they had witnessed in certain industries-industrial growth
- George Stephenson
- built an effective locomotive in 1825-Rocket sped downt he track of the just-completed Liverpool and Manchester Railway at 16 mph in 1830-world's first important railroad
- Samuel Crompton
- around 1790 invented an alternative technique that also began to require more power than the human arm could supply-cotton spinning concentrated in factories