TAMS, Dr. Ayre, Biology, Ch. 29
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- What makes vascular plants different from nonvascular plants?
- They have water conducting xylem and nutrient conducting phloem, which nonvascular plants don't have.
- What are the four types of plants?
- Nonvascular land plants (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts), Seedless vascular plants (club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, and horsetails), Gymnosperms (have seeds), and Angiosperms (flowers).
- How is desiccation (water loss) prevented in plants? What other adaptations were made by terrestrial plants?
- Cuticles and stomata. Leaves, a dominant diploid generation, and structurally supportive vascular tissue.
- Humans are diplontic. Plants are haplodiplontic. What does it mean to be haplodiplontic?
- Both the diploid and haploid stages are multicellular. The diploid one is called a sporophyte. The haploid one is called a gametophyte.
- What structure produces spores? What cells divide to produce spores? Do they divide by mitosis or meiosis? What structures produce gametes?
- Sporangia. Spore mother cells (sporocytes). Meiosis. Gametangia.
- Which phase is dominant in mosses? In angiosperms and gymnosperms?
- Gametophyte. Sporophyte.
- What are the different phyla of bryophytes?
- Bryophyta (mosses), Hepaticophyta (liverworts), and Anthocerotophyta (hornworts).
- What are rhizoids?
- Root-like structures that anchor a moss to the ground.
- What are female gametangia called? Male?
- Archegonia. Anteridia.
- What does it mean to be homosporous or heterosporous? Are seed plants homo- or heterosporous?
- Producing either one or two (male or female) types of spores. Heterosporous.
- What are the three clades of vascular plants?
- Lycophytes (club mosses), Pterophytes (ferns and relatives), and seed plants.
- What clades of vascular plants are seedless? What phyla of vascular plants have seeds?
- Lycophytes and Pterophytes. Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
- What are some benefits of seeds?
- It allows dispersal, protects and nourishes the embryo, and introduces a dormant stage.
- What are the four groups of Gymnosperms?
- Conifers, Cycads, Gentophytes, and Ginkgophytes.
- What becomes the seed?
- The ovule.
- An angiosperm ovule has a megasporangium called the ________, which is surrounded by the _________, which has an opening called the ________.
- Nucellus. Integument. Micropyle.
- What are two unique things that angiosperms have?
- Fruit and flowers.
- What are the two groups of angiosperms? Which is more primitive?
- Monocots and Dicots (Eudicots). Dicots.
- What are annuals?
- Plants that complete their life cycle in a year. They are much more likely to be dicots.
- What are some traits of monocots/dicots?
- One cotyledon/two cotyledons, parallel veins/branched veins, rarely a lateral meristem/lateral meristems common, flower parts in multiples of three/flower parts in multiples of four or five.
- How does a flower develop?
- A flower starts as a primordium that develops into a bud called a pedicel. The pedicel expands into a receptacle which flower parts grow from.
- What are the concentric rings of flower parts in a flower called? What makes up the first (outer) one? The second? The third?
- Whorls. Sepals. Petals. Stamens (collectively called androecium).
- What are the parts of the stamen?
- The pollen-bearing anther and the filament.
- What is at the center of the flower? What does it consist of?
- The gynoecium. One or more carpels.
- What are the parts of the carpel?
- The ovary (later developing into the fruit and consisting of ovules), the stigma, and the style.
- What do the integuments develop into?
- The seed coat.
- While an ovule is developing, two nuclei move to the center, and are called _______ ________. Three others move toward the micropyle. One becomes an ______, the others are _________. The remaining three move to the other end and are called __________. Th
- Polar nuclei. Egg. Synergids. Antipodals. Embryo sac.
- What are pollen grains?
- Binucleate microspores with chemicals in the outer wall that can react with stigma. It also has apertures which a pollen tube can come out of later. Pollen are the male gametes of angiosperms.
- What is pollination?
- The transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma.
- What is the process of double fertilization?
- The process of one pollen nuclei uniting with an egg, forming the zygote, and one pollen nuclei uniting with the polar nuclei, forming the primary triploid endosperm nucleus.